Development of Water Treatment Plant

Development of Water Treatment Plant ASSIGNMENT Access to safe drinking-water is essential to health, a basic human right and a component of effective policy for health protection. The nature and form of drinking-water standards may vary among countries and regions. There is no single approach that is universally applicable. A number of governmental and non-governmental agencies provide guidance on safeguarding the quality of public water supplies. The documents according to which the treatment plant for disaster struck region is established are:- GUIDELINES FOR DRINKING WATER QUALITY by WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION in GENEVA08 GUIDANCE FOR SAFEGUARDING THE QUALITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES by DRINKING WATER INSPECTORATE, U.K. SPHERE MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR HUMANITARIAN RELIEF Here we present a brief description of what role these have in providing safe water to the public. WHO Guidelines for drinking water: Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality explains requirements to ensure drinking-water safety, including minimum procedures and specific guideline values, and how those requirements are intended to be used. The Guidelines describe reasonable minimum requirements of safe practice to protect the health of consumers and/or derive numerical guideline values for constituents of water or indicators of water quality. WHO analyzes the water quality on the following aspects:- 1. Microbial aspect: Securing the microbial safety of drinking-water supplies is based on the use of multiple barriers, from catchment to consumer, to prevent the contamination of drinking-water or to reduce contamination to levels not injurious to health. Faecally derived pathogens are the principal concerns in setting health-based targets for microbial safety. In addition to faecally borne pathogens, other microbial hazards (e.g., guinea worm [Dracunculus medinensis], toxic cyanobacteria and Legionella) may be of public health importance under specific circumstances. The parameters most commonly measured to assess microbial safety are as follows: E. coli: zero E. coli per 100 ml of water Residual chlorine: in the range of 0.2-1 mg/litre. 2. Chemical aspect: A number of chemical contaminants have been shown to cause adverse health effects in humans as a consequence of prolonged exposure through drinking-water. The prescribed concentration of certain chemicals in purified water is as under: 3. Radiological aspects :-The health risk associated with the presence of naturally occurring radionuclides in drinking-water should also be taken into consideration, although the contribution of drinking-water to total exposure to radionuclides is very small under normal circumstances. Formal guideline values are not set for individual radionuclides in drinking-water. 4. Acceptability aspects :- Water should be free of tastes and odours that would be objectionable to the majority of consumers. Changes in the normal appearance, odour or taste of a drinking-water supply may signal changes in the quality of the raw water source or deficiencies in the treatment process and should be investigated. Regulations according to Drinking Water Inspectorate, UK: The water quality regulations set legal standards for water, which must be met by water companies in England and . Many of the standards are based on World Health Organization guidelines and include very wide safety margins. The regulations and standards are on the DWI web site at www.dwi.gov.uk. As the guardians of drinking water quality, the main role of the Drinking Water Inspectorate is to enforce the regulations and check that water companies in England supply water that is safe to drink and meets the standards set in the regulations. Sphere Minimum Standards For: The Sphere Project was launched in 1997 by a group of humanitarian NGOs and the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement. The main objective of water supply and sanitation programmes in disasters is to reduce the transmission of faeco-oral diseases and exposure to disease-bearing vectors through the promotion of good hygiene practices, the provision of safe drinking water and the reduction of environmental health risks and by establishing the conditions that allow people to live with good health, dignity, comfort and security. Key indicators:- There are no faecal coliforms per 100ml at the point of delivery. Water is treated with a disinfectant so that there is a free chlorine residual at the tap of 0.5mg per litre and turbidity is below 5 NTU Average water use for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene in any household is at least 15 litres per person per day The maximum distance from any household to the nearest water point is 500 metres Till now we have discussed the parameters and respective standards prescribed by various organizations for drinking water quality. We now turn to our problem OBJECTIVE: To construct a water treatment plant for a disaster struck area in the Far east for a population of about 1500 internally displaced people that agrees with the provisions of WHO guidelines, U.K. Regulations and Sphere minimum standards and to discuss the likely microbial challenges that the plant might face and their potential impact on water quality. Details of the water source: The only available water source is a limestone spring fed pond whose chemical analysis report is as under:- All the other parameters are believed to be in accordance with the U.K. regulations The desired plant supplies water to 1500 people and according to the Sphere Minimum Standards, an individuals daily need of water is approximately 15 litres. This means that the capacity of the plant must be about 22500 litres per day (22.5 kilolitres/day) Our prime objective in designing the treatment plant is to: Level the pH to about 6.5-7.5 Bring the concentration of aluminium to below 0.2mg/l Benzene level below 0.01 mg/l Faecal coliform count to about zero per 100ml All the above parameters are as per the WHO norms, UK regulations and Sphere standards. The rest of the parameters are in accordance with the UK Regulations and hence need not be treated. Next we design a Water Treatment plant as per the prescribed guidelines with a capacity of 25 kilolitres per day. LAYOUT OF THE TREATMENT PLANT We now present an elaborate overview of the plant and the methods incorporated in it Stage 1 Water leaves the limestone spring fed pond and is pumped into the two raw water reservoirs each of capacity 25kilolitres. The purpose of having two reservoirs is that when one needs to be cleaned the plant can still operate continuously. Stage 2 Pre-chlorination is done at this stage in the two raw water reservoirs. It is done by using a dosing pump that supplies sodium hypochlorite. As a result disinfection begins. Stage 3 Water from the raw water reservoir enters the Flash Mixer where a coagulant Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) is added to bind any small particles. Sodium carbonate is also added to control the pH and also to remove the hardness caused by limestone. The dosed water is now retained for a short period to enable the binding process to start before the water passes to the Clarification Stage. Stage 4 The water dosed with coagulant is discharged into the bottom of the clarifier and as the water flows upwards so the particles bound together by the PAC form a sludge blanket just below the surface of the water. The sludge blanket traps more particles as the water flows through it to the outlet channels which span the clarifier at the water surface. From time to time some of the sludge blanket is drawn off and discharged to the sludge processing plant. Stage 5 The clarified supernatant water is then sent to therapid gravity filters, containing a gravel base and a bed of granular activated carbon which removes any remaining fine particles. The granular activated carbon is also extremely useful in removing organic compounds such as benzene which can cause taste problems in the supply. Stage 6 To provide an effective barrier againstfaecal coliforms, the filtered water is then passed through amembrane filtration system. It also retains the flocculants of aluminium hydroxide that are formed due to excess concentration (concentration greater than 2mg/litre) of aluminium in water. In this microfiltration plant the water is allowed to pass through six different compartments each containing a mesh (or screen) of pore size 0.2 microns (1 micron = one thousandth of a millimeter), readily available in the market. Feed water passes through the walls of this membrane producing a filtrate free of faecal coliform and other suspended solids. Stage 7 Following filtration the filtered water is further dosed with chlorine to ensure adequate disinfection. It remains in contact with a high dose of chlorine for a minimum of six hours in a covered contact tank. Chlorine disinfects the water by killing bacteria and viruses. Stage 8 After leaving the contact tank, the final water is dosed with Sulphur Dioxide to reduce the chlorine residual to its set point before being sent for distribution. This way we obtain clean and safe water for supply to the customers. A major problem we encountered in the limestone spring fed pond was the grazing of farm animals particularly goats that led to microbial contamination of the pond. Grazing animals can negatively affect water quality through erosion and sediment transport into surface waters, through nutrients from urine and feces dropped by the animals. The two nutrients of primary concern relating to animal production are N and P. Nitrogen is of concern because high concentrations in drinking water in the NO3 form cause methemoglobinemia (blue baby disease), whereas other forms of N (primarily nitrite, NO2) are considered to be potentially carcinogenic. Phosphorus in the PO4 form is of concern because it causes eutrophication of surface water bodies. The next major problem is of the migratory aquatic birds that arrive during a three week period in November. During migratory movements, birds carry pathogens that can be transmitted between species at breeding, wintering, and stopover places where numerous birds of various species are concentrated. During these yearly migrations, birds have the potential of dispersing microorganisms that can be dangerous for public as well as animal health. Birds are believed to be responsible for the wide geographic distribution of various pathogens, including viruses (e.g., West Nile, Sindbis, influenza A, Newcastle), bacteria (e.g., borrelia, mycobacteria, salmonellae), and protozoa (e.g., cryptosporidia). Bacteria, viruses, and protozoa when ingested in drinking water can cause a number of infectious waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, and infectious gastrointestinal diseases like cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis. Treatment Some microbial contaminants can be removed by water treatment coagulation and filtration processes. Disinfection has been proven effective against bacteria and viruses, and the method of Membrane Filtration is sufficient to remove the Cryptosporidium. A very essential condition of an effective treatment plant is to establish a well developed watershed or a wellhead protection program. Controlling or eliminating microbial sources before they contaminate a water supply will go a long way toward simplifying treatment and reducing costs associated with a contaminated supply. This is the proposed plant for the treatment of water which the community can operate and which provides a healthy and safe drinking water. Apart from this the people should be aware enough to utilize optimum amount of water and the people should consider it as their moral responsibility to prevent contamination of water by their activities.

Decision Analysis Essay

Finally, some typical problem classes are examined and some requirements for prototypical structures are discussed. An introduction to problem structuring Decision analysis can be divided into four steps: structuring the problem; formulating inference and preference models; eliciting probabilities and utilities; and exploring the numerical model results. Prac* This research was supported by a grant from the Department of Defense and was monitored by the Engineering Psychology Programs of the Office of Naval Research, under contract While writing this paper, the author discussed the problem of structuring extensively with Helmut Jungermann. The present version owes much to his thought. Please don’t take footnote 3 too seriously. It is part of a footnote war between Ralph Keeney and me. ** Presently with the Social Science Research Institute, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90007, (213) 741-6955. 12 D. von Winterfeldt /Structuring decision problems titioners of decision analysis generally agree that structuring is the most important and difficult step of the analysis. Yet, until recently, decision analytic research has all but ignored structuring, concentrating instead on questions of modeling and elicitation. As a result, structuring was, and to some extent still is, considered the ‘art’ part of decision analysis. This paper examines some attempts to turn this art into a science. Trees are the most common decision analytic structures. Decision trees, for example, represent the sequential aspects of a decision problem (see Raiffa 1968; Brown et al. 1974). Other examples are goal trees for the representations of values (Keeney and Raiffa 1976) and event trees for the representation f inferential problem aspects (Kelly and Barclay 1973). In fact, trees so much dominate decision analytic structures that structuring is often considered synonymous to building a tree.

Rite of Passage

â€Å"Every human being on this earth is born with a tragedy, and it isn't original sin. He's born with the tragedy that he has to grow up. That he has to leave the nest, the security, and go out to do battle. He has to lose everything that is lovely and fight for a new loveliness of his own making, and it's a tragedy. A lot of people don't have the capacity to do it. † A coming of age is a young person's transition from childhood to adulthood. In most modern societies this transition takes place on an adolescence’s 18th birthday.The celebrations of these transitions vary from culture to culture as well as religious beliefs and hence affect our opinions, views, beliefs and attitudes towards rites of passage and the foreign processes incorporated into rituals and initiations. My name is Kali Collado and I welcome you to â€Å"All the World’s a Stage Festival† where I will share with you why 18th birthdays mean different things to different people. In modern -day Australia most 18th birthday celebrations consist of large-scale consumption of booze, clubbing, strippers and drug-induced parties.When an adolescent turns 18 society recognises them as adults and are therefore given more responsibilities, choice-flexibility, benefits and independence from their parents. Turning 18 here in Australia doesn’t require us to undergo physically and mentally perilous initiations or rituals. In fact these benefits, freedom and responsibilities are handed to us on a silver platter. Unlike Vanuatuan culture, villages build wooden towers reaching heights of 100 feet or more, where boys as young as five are to jump off a certain platform with vine ropes tied to each ankle.Summoning all the courage they have, they dive from the platform headfirst. The goal of the jump is to land close enough to the ground that contact between the divers shoulders and the ground is made. These dives are two-fold; in that it’s performed as sacrifice for their gods to ensure bountiful yam crop or to initiate the tribe boys into manhood preceded by circumcision. The higher a man goes along the platform, the manlier he’s considered amongst the tribe. Vanuatuans believe this ritual necessary because it ensures bountiful crops whereas in Australia food is readily accessible in supermarket isles.This rite of passage isn’t just about initiating tribesmen anymore but for what they believe is the survival of the tribe. As the quote goes â€Å"Initiations aren’t just for mental wellbeing but for the survival of the tribe† Another example of a religious initiation is from South East Asia. There, adolescence’s are initiated into adulthood to become a novice monk or nun by dressing as Princes or Princesses after their Prince Gautama. They take three Jewels and have their heads shaved and then change into saffron robes.They stay with the monks from a night to a few years to practice meditation and prayer, marking a t ime of purity and innocence as well as awareness of the sins in the world. Although this ritual is far from the perilous Vanuatuan initiation it still differs from the rituals of 18thbirthday celebrations in Australia; in that religion implements preservation of innocence, chastity and prayer. 18th birthdays does not signify booze, drugs or partying in these cultures but rather maturity and acceptance of their new roles into their society or tribe.It’s not about leaving the nest and its security to go out and explore the world by themselves. It’s not about swimming into the world of uncalled maturity for the benefit of their culture. It is difficult to judge whether these cultures are right in the way initiations should be incorporated because it’s specific to their beliefs, their culture and their religion. Their culture â€Å"Every human being on this earth is born with a tragedy, and it isn't original sin. He's born with the tragedy that he has to grow up.Th at he has to leave the nest, the security, and go out to do battle. He has to lose everything that is lovely and fight for a new loveliness of his own making, and it's a tragedy. A lot of people don't have the courage to do it. † â€Å"Critics who treat ‘adult' as a term of approval, instead of as a merely descriptive term, cannot be adult themselves. To be concerned about being grown up, to admire the grown up because it is grown up, to blush at the suspicion of being childish; these things are the marks of childhood and adolescence.And in childhood and adolescence they are, in moderation, healthy symptoms. Young things ought to want to grow. But to carry on into middle life or even into early manhood this concern about being adult is a mark of really arrested development. When I was ten, I read fairy tales in secret and would have been ashamed if I had been found doing so. Now that I am fifty I read them openly. When I became a man I put away childish things, includin g the fear of childishness and the desire to be very grown up. † ? C. S. Lewis

Essay on A Worn Path and The Jilting of Granny Weatherall

In the short stories A Worn Path by Eudora Welty and The Jilting of Granny Weatherall by Katherine Anne Porter, both women overcame several obstacles. In A Worn Path, Phoenix Jackson faced obstacles such as her age, physical challenges, and how others viewed her. Granny faced obstacles such as dying, feeling betrayed by her children, and disappointment in her love life. In A Worn Path by Eudora Welty an elderly African American woman named Phoenix Jackson picks a cold December day to make yet another perilous journey to a near by city to get medicine for her ailing grandson. On the way this old woman faces many obstacles, both natural and man-made. Phoenix draws upon her perseverance and willingness to sacrifice herself to help her†¦show more content†¦At one point when she is climbing up a hill, she states that it seems like â€Å"there is chains about my feet, time I get this far.† And yet she still trudges onward, stopping only once for a short break. On the way down the hill she gets caught in a bush, its thorns tearing at her finest dress. â€Å"I in a thorny bush,† she exclaims. But she doesn’t give up; she stands there untangling herself from the bush, â€Å"her fingers busy and intent.† After she has overcome this obstacle she faces yet another trial. Across Phoenix’s path lies a creek and across t he creek lies a log, which substitutes as a bridge. It is hard enough for Phoenix to walk on flat and stable ground, so walking across the log is a dangerous challenge for her. Even though there is a large threat of her falling and badly hurting herself, â€Å"she mounted the log and shut her eyes† and crosses to the other side. Next she comes across a barbwire fence, and once again without showing any signs of fear she fords ahead crossing that too. Phoenix travels a good portion of the day facing many physical challenges that test her stamina, but the real trials are the physiological ones that she faces as she encounters people along her journey. Last but not least, Phoenix overcame obstacles involving the people she encountered. The first person that she meets is a hunter. In the beginning he seems like a benevolent character because â€Å"he lifted herShow MoreRelatedEssay The Jilting Of Granny Weatherall and A Worn Path492 Words   |  2 PagesThe short stories, â€Å"The Jilting of Granny Weatherall† by Catherine Anne Porter and â€Å"A Worn Path† by Eudora Welty, have many similarities as well as differences. Both stories have a simple plot with a theme that is symbolic of their lives. These stories include great characterization, description of elements in the stories, and the point of view. Granny Weatherall is characterized as a very old lady who is extremely stubborn and bedridden. Granny Weatherall is a sickly old lady in denial. She believesRead More Comparing Death in The Jilting of Granny Weatherall and A Worn Path599 Words   |  3 PagesComparing Death in The Jilting of Granny Weatherall and A Worn Path Death is not something to be feared, but faced with awe. Although, by nature, aging and death are merely facts of life; a loss of hope, the frustration of all aspirations, a leap into a great darkness, and the feelings of fear and anguish. Phoneix Jackson of Eudora Weltys A Worn Path and Granny of Katherine Anne Porters The Jilting of Granny Weatherall face these inevitable signs of aging and death. Phoenix Jackson, anRead MoreA Worn Path: Obstacles2213 Words   |  9 PagesIn the short stories A Worn Path by Eudora Welty and The Jilting of Granny Weatherall by Katherine Anne Porter, both women overcame several obstacles. In A Worn Path Phoenix Jackson faced obstacles such as her old age, physical challenges, and how others viewed her. Granny faced obstacles such as dying, feeling betrayed from her children, and disappointment in her love life. In A Worn Path by Eudora Welty an elderly African American woman named Phoenix Jackson picks a cold December day

Religion, Culture, And Politics - 942 Words

As a Roman Catholic born into a religious family, there are a plethora of beliefs and practices which are central to my everyday life. Being enrolled in Catholic school from the age of five all the way through high school allowed me to develop a sense of belonging within the Church that influences almost all of my decisions. I do not believe that I would posses the same morals and values I have today if I had not been raised in such a way that allowed me to acquire these morals and values. The fact that I, along with many others, believe in the Christian faith definitely does have an impact upon American life, culture and politics. Similarly, the fact that many people adhere to other faiths affects American life, culture, and politics as well. In general, religion plays a positive role within society, so long as it does not prohibit others from living how they want to live. As a child, being raised Catholic of course meant attending Church on Sunday, but it also meant many other thin gs as well. Being raised Catholic meant learning as much as possible about my religion, going to confession every so often, praying before every meal, and understanding that when a loved one passed away, there was a more peaceful and eternal life awaiting them. Most importantly, though, being raised Catholic meant being raised with morals and values that will stay with me well into adulthood and hopefully for the rest of my life. From an extremely young age, my parents and my teachers inShow MoreRelatedReligion, Culture And Politics Of Ancient Egypt Civilizations Essay879 Words   |  4 Pagesone about the divergence of religion, culture and politics of ancient society. There were many great civilizations that sprang up and progressed through the ages. One of this civilization was the ancient Egyptian. The Egyptian civilizations settled on the bank of Nile river which influenced the settlers to advance in the social aspect of their lives. In ancient Egypt, ecology played in importa nt role in the development of their religious beliefs, culture, and politics that still influence currentRead MoreChristopher Hitchens s Views On Politics, Culture, Religion, And Literature1203 Words   |  5 Pagespolitical science after graduating from Balliol College in Oxford molded his ideas into a general theme of â€Å"anti-authoritarianism.† This theme was very well imbedded into his career, for he wrote much about politics, culture, religion, and literature. As a critic of both society and religion, he attracted a wide range of college-aged intellectuals, including young, â€Å"New Atheists,† who distinguished themselves by brutally and directly lambasting religious claims. His political and cultural works wereRead MoreMoral Values are Influenced by Culture, Religion, Technology, Economy, Society, and Politics1351 Words   |  5 Pagesvalues exists in a person are highly influenced by culture, religion, technology, economy, social and politics. These six (6) factors, inter-related each other. When a person starts a family, the spouse will share their beliefs and will possibly influce each other behaviour then they will apply the relevant values into their kids. This will be passed from generation to generation, creating a culture. The culture molded is usually influenced by religion. For example, the people who believe there is aRead MoreGreek And Roman Civilizations : Greece And Ancient Civilizations1498 Words   |  6 Pageswhich are frequently understood as having had the greatest influence are Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. These two civilizations would eventually come to shape much of what would become the modern European culture, politics and society, and by extension, a vast proportion of global culture and society. In examining the trajectory of modern history in an era of globalization of Western ideas and modes of living, the importance of these civilizations in world history is extensive, contributing toRead MoreGreek A nd Roman Civilizations : Greece And Ancient Civilizations1503 Words   |  7 Pageswhich are frequently understood as having had the greatest influence are Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. These two civilizations would eventually come to shape much of what would become the modern European culture, politics and society, and by extension, a vast proportion of global culture and society. In scrutinizing the trajectory of modern history in an era of globalization of Western ideas and modes of living, the importance of these civilizations in world history is extensive, contributingRead MoreClifford Geertzs Focus on the Power of Religion1160 Words   |  5 Pageson the symbolic power of religion. He has talked about the fact that it is the symbolic power of religion that has a strong influence on the people. It is the religion, in accordance to Clifford that helps the people in understanding the place that the people have in the world. The actions that are undertaken by the people ar e also defined by the religion. Based on the arguments that have been given by Clifford, it can be added here that there is a great effect of religion and the religious valuesRead MoreAmerican Grace : How Religion Divides And Unites Us912 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us,† by Robert D. Putnam and David E. Campbell, and â€Å"America and the Challenges of Religious Diversity,† by Robert Wuthnow, give different thoughts to religion and politics in the United States. Putnam and Campbell utilize the concepts of shocks and aftershocks to highlight religious changes in the United States. On the other hand, Wuthnow uses observations to focus on the encounters of religious diversity in the United States. Wuthnow compares AmericanRead MoreHow Are The Types Of Religious Diversity Affected By A Global Perspective?859 Words   |  4 Pagesavoiding trying to blend others into one identity. Dr. Jeanine Diller focused on three types of religious diversity (1)That there are diverse views about religion;(2)There are diverse ways in which people hold their view of religion;(3)There are diverse ways people view others peoples view of religion. Dr. Diller then goes on to define religion is each individuals attempt to connect with something sacred and that their emotions, rituals, stories are results of their attempt to connect with God, BuddhaRead MoreThe Culture of Disbelief783 Words   |  4 PagesPage 2 THE CULTURE OF DISBELIEF The culture of disbelief is a book written to people who are very interested in religious beliefs, liberty and all the influence that religion cause into the public square. Carter argues that religion should not be present in politics, education, and so on. . Moreover, Carter is not about one s person beliefs, he makes demands of its adherents, and wishes some kind of hope for their lives. The preface of this book shows perfectly with it s titles what is TheRead MorePersepolis 1083 Words   |  5 Pageseverywhere else in the world, politics and religion, and warfare. In Persepolis: the Story of a Childhood, the concept of contrasting regions is explored by Satrapi when she talks about what it’s like to grow up in Iran, and to be misunderstood no matter where you go simply because of where you came from. The country of Iran acts like it hates Westerners, but a lot of its citizens envy Western culture. The main reason for the hate that Iran lashes out at Western culture is because we dismantled the

Identification Theft And Identity Theft - 947 Words

Our identity is what makes us unique. It is the individual character or personality of an individual, and when a person is a victim of identity theft, it is this distinct characteristic that is stolen Therefore the victims of identity theft often feel a deep sense of violation as they struggle to reclaim their good names. The government must implement better regulations to help put an end to this crime which is affecting millions of innocent Americans. Until then there are three important ways individual must protect themselves against identity theft, customers should understand how identity thieves work, guard their personal information, and learn how to fight back. There are as many as eight or more different types of identity thefts, but these three are the more common types: Financial Identity Theft, Driver’s License Identity Theft, Social Security Identity Theft. Consumers need to know what to do if they are a victim of identity theft starting by knowing the type of identity theft they are dealing with. (Stroup, 2016) Most people recognize and associate financial theft with this type of crime. It involves the use of personal information to create or take over someone’s financial accounts such as (checking accounts, credit cards, etc). Thieves then can acquire the information needed to hack into your accounts or steal your information through computer viruses, data hacking or any other cyber- attacks. It can be frustrating, stressful and time consuming trying to getShow MoreRelatedIdentification Theft And Identity Theft1461 Words   |  6 Pages Identity theft is basically using someone’s personal information without their prior knowledge. One example: is a thief getting ahold of another’s person’s social security and driver’s license numbers and using that information to get a credit card or to buy a car. Anyone can become a victim of this crime because of the sheer countless ways for a person to steal another’s identity. Every state has different requirements for a crime to constitute as identity theft. â€Å"For example: In Wisconsin:Read MoreIdentity Theft And Its Impact On The State Of Florida1276 Words   |  6 PagesIdentity theft is a negative issue in the entire United States, but the state of Florida is where it is most common and where there is the most cases. Due to Florida having the most identity theft complaints, it is important to question just how vulnerable the state is to this form of fraud. However, it is evident that Florida needs to find more efficient ways to limit identity theft drastically, since it has led the nation in identity theft for the past three years. This paper will examine the stepsRead MoreIdentity Theft and Fraud: A Major Threat to the Australian Community1442 Words   |  6 PagesIdentity theft/fraud is becoming a major threat to the Australian community as technology advances. This section of crime produces substantial profits for offenders and causes c onsiderable financial and emotions harm to the victims (Australian federal police, 2014). With this increasing alarm around identity theft/fraud in Australia, there has to be strong legal actions available to counteract the issue. Identity theft/fraud can be defined as a crime of obtaining the personal or financial informationRead MoreThe Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act1823 Words   |  7 PagesInternet identity theft is a serious danger in our world today, victims of this crime have had their lives ruined and in some cases have ended up in jail because of crimes committed by an identity thief. Internet identity theft is â€Å"the criminal act of fraudulently obtaining the personal information belonging to another individual within the realm of a computer or electronic setting.†(1) Throughout the past several years there have been several laws passed to combat and keep up with this ever evolvingRead MoreIdentity Theft Is Not Had A Clear Definition826 Words   |   4 PagesIntroduction Identity theft has not had a clear definition. The unclear definition is due to the complexity of the facts regarding identity theft. Identity theft, also known as ‘the crime of the new millennium’ or white color theft has come to the public eyes due to the impacts of the act (Craats, 2005). Identity theft occurs when a person misappropriates another person’s information and uses it with the intention of gaining some particular advantages. In this case, a person means not only a humanRead MoreIdentity Theft Prevention And Protection1733 Words   |  7 Pages  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬ Section 10.9 Identity Theft Prevention and Protection The constant evolution of technology has led to the expansion of a crime that feeds on the inability of consumers to control who has access to sensitive information and how it is safeguarded. That crime is identity theft. Identity theft causes financial damage to consumers, creditors, retail establishments, and the economy as a whole. The Identity Theft Policy of NFBS is designed to reasonably detect red flags, respond to red flagsRead MoreIdentity Theft As An Offence1200 Words   |  5 PagesIdentity Theft as an offence: Model criminal law officers’ committee formulated a report on identity crime. Using the term identity crime, they included all the commencements which relate to identity theft and identity fraud. The committee recommended the creation of the following crime model offences: 1. Dealing in identification of information 2. The holding of identification information with the intent of committing, or facilitating the directive of, an indictable offence. 3. Possession of equipmentRead MoreA Case And Electronic Crime Scene1324 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Schmalleger (2011), identity theft is defined as misusing another person’s personal information for personal gain (p. 382). This can involve a person opening credit cards or accounts in another person’s name (Schmalleger, 2011, p. 382). Considering the nature of identity theft crimes, investigators must rely on electronic crime scenes (Lushbaugh Weston, 2012, p. 248). Therefore, investigators must know how to initiate, conduct and execute an identity theft investigation. This essay willRead MoreThe Role Of Online Health Records855 Words   |  4 PagesIdentity Theft â€Å"Your identity is your most valuable possession. Protect it.† - The Incredibles Technology in today’s world is forever changing providing individual’s with freedoms they were not able to take advantage of prior to advancements. This can offer many advantages to the average American. The use of online health records is a prime example. Many hospitals are providing online access to a patient’s medical records to provide faster results and quicker response time. Those who receiveRead MoreProtecting Yourself from Identity Theft Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesin your name and it is your address. You may not believe it, but your identity has been stolen and now someone is out there posing as you, running willy nilly around town with your life in hand. The truth is, there is almost nothing you can do once your identity is stolen. How are you going to explain to a credit card company that you did not purchase anything when everything is in your name? This is what makes identity theft so effective, someone can go in, do large amounts of damage a nd disappear

Rana Plaza Business Organization and Policy

Questions: On April 24 2013, 1134 people were killed and 2,500 were injured when the Rana Plaza building in Savar, Bangladesh collapsed on top of garment workers inside its factories. It would be known as the worst accident in the garment industry anywhere. This happened only five months after a horrific fire at a similar facility prompted leading multinational brands to pledge to work to improve safety in the countrys booming but poorly regulated garment industry. Labour groups, Western clothing companies, the Bangladeshi government and others have made some progress toward preventing similar tragedies, but more still needs to be done. There was never any doubt that improving working conditions in Bangladesh, one of the worlds poorest countries, would be incredibly difficult. The collapse of Rana Plaza was just one, though by far the worst in a series of industrial accidents in Bangladeshs garment industry, which has become one of the biggest exporters of clothes to the United States and Europe because of its low wages. It was later discovered that 28 brands that sourced clothes from the plaza included Primark, Bennetton, Mango, Matalan and Bonmache, prompting public concern about the working conditions of garment factories around the world which contribute to western high street fashion stores. Ethical consumerism encourages people to think about how the products they buy are sourced and produced which are not harmful to the environment and society. This can be evidenced through simply purchasing eggs that are free-range or boycotting goods/companies which promote child labour or unsavoury working conditions. Ethical consumerism is a growing market. A recent report from the Co-operative Bank showed a third of UK consumers claiming to be concerned about ethical consumption, with a large number of the public willing to challenge and boycott companies which do not comply with ethical standards. Required to write an analytical business report that covers the following tasks: Task 1 Discuss the ways in which companies, like the ones mentioned in the extract above, that sourced clothes from the Rana Plaza can help improve business practices to prevent recurrence of events of this nature. Task 2 Choose any company, research and evidence how they operate ethically, taking into account their approach to consumerism, values and environmental friendliness. Answers: Executive Summary This report has depth with the ethics and principles that Rana Plaza didnt follow and that lead to the collapse. Companies like Rana plaza need to follow the basic rules of employment and wages. The global companies receive low cost products from Bangladesh and other poor countries. This needs to be stopped and these companies also need to look into the suppliers working conditions. If caught that the suppliers are practicing unethical ways and are not into SR rule, boycott of those companies need to be done. This report deals with the ethical consumerism of LOreal products along with the ethics that this company follows that starts from manufacturing to selling of the products. LOreal maintains the trend of satisfying the customers with their natural products but also focuses on producing the cosmetic products using high class technology and clinically proven so that it doesnt harm the skin of the users. In addition to this, LOreal is very specific about saving the animals and not testing the products on the animals. Moreover, the company also uses reusable, as well as recycled product bottles and containers for reducing the environmental pollution and has taken strong steps in the favor of reducing carbon footprint. Introduction Tyagi and Kumar (2008) commented on the fact that ethical consumerism is one of the most essential parts that need to be considered as it affects the business organization strongly. Previously Ethical consumerism is a generous word but in modern times ethical consumerism is essential for removing concepts regarding the typecasting of product selling according to personal choices. Ethical consumerism is the consumption that takes into consideration the issues that are related to human rights, animal welfare as well as social justice (Zemke, 2008). This report deals with the unethical ways that Rana Plaza used to follow in the factory that lead to the downfall of the company. So, the report is focused on the issues that companies such as Rana Plaza need to implement in their business for enhancing the CSR activities. In addition to this the report takes into account the concepts of ethical consumerism of LOreal which is a cosmetic industry along with the overviews of the company. Task 1 Rana Plaza Garment Factory that was established in Bangladesh collapsed on 24th April, 2013. It killed nearly 1134 people and injured nearly 2500 people. Though the 8 storied building was built for the purpose of offices as well as shops but at all for factories. The labors of the garment factory initially didnt want to enter the factory due to large cracks on the walls but were forced to go inside by beating them up ad by threatening them for not paying. The investigation team reported that on that very day nearly at 8:45 am, there was a power cut that led to the starting of five generators. Immediately after that the building fell down with a loud thud (Henniker, 2014). According to the comment of Alom (2012) the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI), the MNCs need to be focused regarding the morals, rules and regulations. The Rana Plaza Garment Factory was very much unethical in their approach. On the basis of ethical consumerism, it is to be remembered that the people are free to choose any kind of profession and they cannot be compelled. It is to be noticed that the factory supplied clothes to the global companies such as Primark, Bonmache, Matalan, Mango etc. So, according to the rules of ETI, Timm (2009) commented that these companies need to initially take steps and enough information of the suppliers regarding their working condition, the working place, salary or wages to the labors and also about working hours. The working condition of the Rana Plaza was so bad and unhygienic as well as pressurized along with unethical, that the workers never treated like humans. In addition to this, Wright (2006) commented on the fact that the consumers are free to boycott any products that they think is linked with unethical behavior. In this process, the consumers blend towards choosing more and more goods that are manufactured ethically. So, the companies trading globally always needs to focus on the Corporate Social Responsibility or precisely CSR for enhancing these practices that will help in taking the responsibility to see whether the suppliers are transparent, fair, and maintains sustainability (Dawar and Philip 2008). It is the responsibility of the global organizations to maintain ethical consumerism such as if it sees that the suppliers are using unethical ways of business, and then they need to boycott all those companies. In addition to this, Becker et al. (2009) commented on the fact that the fair labor, honoring the human rights, protection of human health, sustainability, advertising, ethical marketing, recyclable packaging etc. are all considered in ethical consumerism. Moreover, ethical consumerism also includes the activities that are related to price, quality as well as payment techniques of the cosmetic industry that is doing business globally (Corstjens and Lal, 2008). Tungate (2008) commented on the fact that in order to improve the business and practices within it, the companies like Rana Plaza need to adopt ethical measures regarding the employee satisfaction, employee retention as well as employee safety. Buildings that are built for shops and offices need to be used for that purpose only and the factories built for that purpose also need to be used for that purpose. This gives a safety to the labors and employees working over there. Fixed working hours along with fixed holidays also need to be given that will not only improve the working conditions, but also will improve the employee retention. Task 2 Ethical Consumerism According to Balaram and Adhikari (2010) the terminology ethical consumerism can be defined as fair trading that involves the moralities that are accepted globally and influences the purchasing decisions to the maximum extent. Dawar and Philip (2008) opined that now days the world is becoming more fashionable and trendy and in order to keep oneself beautiful, gorgeous and attractive, the customers now days are trending Moreover, LOreal also has received many awards as well as recognitions due to ethical consumerism, sustainable strategy development, ethics as well as product innovation that all are included in ethical consumerism (Carpenter and Fairhurst, 2009). LOreal is French Cosmetic Company having its headquartered in France and has developed a good marketing team that is concentrated on cosmetics. The company involved high class technology in production of the products that involves dermatology, tissue engineering, toxicology as well as nanotechnology along with biopharmaceutical research team for production of organic and natural products. The company is ethical in their approach and is produces products in the most ethical way (Bearden and Teel, 2007). The ethical considerations that the cosmetic industry LOreal are adopting are as follows- Usage of natural products keeping focus on the customers - Berry (2007) commented on the fact that in this modern world, with the increasing trend of becoming fashionable, the consumers lean towards the products that are made from natural ingredients. It is statistically seen that the market regarding the usage of natural products has risen to nearly 20% (Boulding et al. 2010). To keep a pace with the modern trend and emerging environmental friendliness, the global companies should adopt the usages of natural ingredients for manufacturing the products. Chang et al. (2010) commented on the fact that the LOreal is very ethical in their trading. The ingredients that are used for manufacturing the products are all clinically tested and have passed the dermatological tests. Through innovative research and laboratory tests, the natural ingredients are tested in the laboratory before using those ingredients in the product (Dahln et al. 2010). Employee Engagement and development- Alvarez and Casielles (2008) commented on the fact that LOreal is very much focused on the employee engagement within the organization. In order to engage the employees and keep the employees within the organization in order to retain them, LOreal pays incentives to the employees and is also focused regarding the problems faced by the employees. Timely salary, fair incentive structure, small get together of the employees is conducted in order to engaged the employees as well as maintain a healthy relationship with one another. According to Becker et al. (2009) the more the employees will be retained within the organization, the more the company will be developed. Positive working environment (Safety, Diversity as well as integrity) - The more the organization will be having a positive working environment sand culture, the more the employees will be satisfied working there. According to Berry (2007) the better the working environment will, the better the employees will be retained. In addition to this, the safety measures also need to be integrated into the company that LOreal has already done for retaining the employees and making them feel safe. The positive working environment gives a positive vibes to the employees that help the employees in working fair (Vavra, 2008). No testing on the animals- According to Vavra (2008) previously, animals like guinea pigs, white mouse etc were used in the laboratory for testing the products on them. Now days, it is a global ban to use the animals in the laboratory for testing purposes and this law is enforced worldwide. Tungate (2008) commented on the fact that still there are certain companies who dont follow any kind of ethical considerations and uses animals for testing purposes. From that side, LOreal is very clear since it is ethical company and is totally abided by the international laws of protection of animals. (Wolf, 2009). Banning the usage of disposable packaging and usage of reusable and recycled packages- You (2008) commented on the fact that the usages of disposable packages are another major issue that is totally unethical. In this modern world, people have become more concerned towards the environment and lean towards the products that are ethically manufactured and sold. It has seen statistically that the disposable products add nearly 46% of the waste to the environment. These products are generally made of bad plastics and other bad materials which on disposal cant be reused or destroyed but on contrary they continuously add pollution to the society and environment (Wilson, 2008). Reducing the carbon footprint and adoption of CSR- According to Wagner and Zubey (2006) reduction of carbon footprints is essential to reduce since it adds the environment a high level of pollution. It is to be remembered that the company needs to be ethical in its approach since the customers now days are very ethical in their decisions of making purchases. The more the company will be ethical; more the customers will be satisfied with the company that will ultimately lead to the huge customer database. Zikmund (2008) commented that LOreal is very much ethical in their business and are also environmental friendly. For that it takes strong measures fir reducing the carbon footprints. The waste of the company are also processed and treated well before disposal. This proves that the company is inclined towards environmental friendliness. Triple Bottom Line Concept- Anderson and Cunningham (2008) commented on the fact that this TBL concept consists of three parts- social, environmental as well as economic. LOreal follows the TBL that covers up the people, planet as well as profit. Bateman (2007) had an opinion that the companies include the healthy and safe place for the people to work methodically. The company also focuses on minimizing the pollution that the company emits from the waste materials LOreal is highly focused in it so treats the waste materials before disposing. Moreover, LOreal operates while keeping in mind the profit of the organization. But for doing that, the company also keeps in mind the customer satisfaction while taking up the profit of the company. Sustainability- In order to sustain in this competitive world, LOreal has taken measures that help the organization in reaching to its maximum extent. According to Willemsen (2011) LOreal is having a sustainable market position and sales that help the company in reaching to the maximum level. Conclusion This report has well explained the collapse of Rana Plaza factory that was when collapsed injured as well as killed many labors. This was somewhat an eye opener to many of the MNCs. The global companies also need to understand the business ethics as well as ethical consumerism that enhance the CSR practices within their suppliers. If it would have been done, then Rana Plaza incident would not have happened. The Throughout the report it is seen that the LOreal is very much inclined towards the ethical consumerism and has adopted several measures for manufacturing as well as selling the products ethically to the customers. The company has adopted many ethical considerations such as reducing the carbon footprint, as well as adopted CSR. In addition to this, the other ethical measures that are adopted are: usage of natural ingredients, usage of recyclable products as well as no testing on animals. Recommendations In order to stop the incidents like Rana plaza, the companies need to be ethical in their approach and also need to be abided by ETI rules. By doing this, it will fix the employees working hours, leaves, salary, and wages etc that are abided by the employment rules. Moreover, the traders can boycott those companies. This will teach them a lesson and hence forth will be an eye opener to many other companies. The company can endorse the celebrities and can show them how the products are produced. Through advertisements, a part of their manufacturing procedure can be shown to the customers. This will help the organization in reaching the extreme level of honor among the global customers. References Timm, K., (2009) How to Measure Customer Satisfaction. 6th ed. London: McGraw-Hill Education. Tungate, M. (2008) Fashion Brands: Branding Style from Armani to Zara. 6th ed. New York, London: Routledge. Tyagi, C. and Kumar, A. (2008) Customer Behaviour. 4th ed. , New York: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company. Vavra, T, G. (2008) Customer satisfaction measurement simplified. 4th ed. Germany: Grin Verlag. Wagner, W, P. and Zubey, M. (2006) Customer relationship management: A People, Process, and Technology Approach. 7th ed. New York: Kaplan Publishing Willemsen, D. (2011) The Measurement of customer satisfaction. 6th ed. London: McGraw-Hill Education. Wilson, T. (2008) Understanding Consumer Choice. 7th ed. New York: Kaplan Publishing. Wolf, T., (2009). Effects of Gender Marketing on Customer Behaviour. 4th ed. Huntington, New York: Free Press. Wright, R. (2006) Customer behaviour. 6th ed. New York: Wiley. You, H. (2008) Customer satisfaction and cultural values. 5th ed. London: Academic Press. Zemke, R., (2008). Effects of Gender Marketing on Customer Behaviour. 3rd ed. New York: Harper Collins. Zikmund, W, G. (2008). Customer relationship management: integrating marketing strategy and information technology. 6th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Alvarez, B. A. and Casielles, R. V. (2008) Consumer evaluations of sales promotion: The effect on brand choice. European Journal of Marketing, 39 (1), 54-70. Anderson, W. and Cunningham, W.H. (2008) The socially conscious consumer, Journal of Marketing, 36, 23-31. Balaram, A. and Adhikari, B. (2010) Managing Customer Relationships in Service Organizations. Administration and Management Review, 21(2), 65-78. Bateman, C. R. (2007) Framing effects within the ethical decision making process of consumers, Journal of Business Ethics, 36, 119-126. Bearden, W. O. and Teel, J. E. (2007) "Selected Determinants of Consumer Satisfaction and Complaint Reports," Journal of Marketing Research, 20, 21-28. Becker, U.J., Greve, G. and Albers, S. (2009) The impact of technological and organizational implementation of CRM on customer acquisition, maintenance, and retention. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26(3), 207215. Berry, L. L. (2007) Cultivating service brand equity. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28 (1), 128-137. Boulding, W., Staelin, R., Ehret, M. and Johnston, W. J. (2010) A customer relationship management roadmap: what is known, potential pitfalls, and where to go. Journal of Marketing, 69(4), 15566 Carpenter, J. M. and Fairhurst, A. (2009) Consumer shopping value, satisfaction and loyalty for retail apparel brands. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 9 (3), 256-269. Chang, W., Park, E.J. and Chaiy, S. (2010) How does CRM technology transform into organizational performance? A mediating role of marketing capability. Journal of Business Research, 63, 849-855. Corstjens, M. and Lal, R. (2008) Building store loyalty through store brands. Journal of Marketing Research, 37 281-291. Dahln, M., Lange, F. and Smith, T. (2010) Marketing Communications: A Brand Narrative Approach. Page 74, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley. Dawar, N. and Philip P. (2008) "Marketing Universals: Consumers' Use of Brand Name, Price, Physical Appearance, and Retailer Reputation as Signals of Product Quality."' Journal of Marketing, 58, 81-95. Alom, K. (2012) Capital Structure Choice of Bangladeshi Firms: An Empirical Investigation, AJFA, 5(1), pp. 34-64 Henniker, E. (2014)The Bangladesh Factory Collapse: A Case for Intervention Policy Change, Seven Pillars Institute, Available at: https://sevenpillarsinstitute.org/case-studies/bangladesh-factory-collapse-case-intervention-policy-change [Accessed 25 Jan. 2015]