Memento by Christopher Nola Essay Example For Students

Keepsake by Christopher Nola Essay In the film Memento by Christopher Nolan, switch sequence makes the crowd see Leonard Shelby as a thoughtful casualty. Watchers begin to watch the film when the story has arrived at its end. This confounding plot places the crowd in Shelbys position. They see things from his perspective. Something else that makes Leonard appear as though the casualty is his condition, which doesn't let him gain new experiences. This causes him to give off an impression of being powerless. At long last, the different secretive characters, for example, Natalie and Teddy make Shelby appear the honest casualty. As per what Leonard wrote in the rear of his image, Teddy cannot be trusted. This makes the crowd dubious of him all through the whole film. While watching this film, one must give close consideration. The crowd is similarly as befuddled and uncomfortable with what is happening as Shelby seems to be. It is just as watchers likewise have the condition that Shelby has in view of the converse sequential request this film follows. The crowd, as well, must have that equivalent shock of dread from scene to scene, the acknowledgment that they do not understand where they are or how they arrived. Watchers feel compassion since they begin to see things from Leonards point of view. They believe they have to assist him with discovering his wifes executioner and take all of his little realities into thought to attempt to make sense of the appropriate response. The crowd additionally identifies with Leonard in view of his condition. He experiences an uncommon type of amnesia, which renders him unequipped for holding recollections on a momentary premise. Any piece of data he learns since his physical issue must be recorded or will be immediately overlooked. Therefore, he should utilize a detailed arrangement of notes, photos and even tattoos to keep everything straight. This makes his examination a great deal more troublesome. One produces compassion toward a man who needs to retaliate for his wifes passing regardless of whether he realizes he wont recollect that he did it. This makes it difficult to completely confide in anybody. He believes he can just confide in himself. The compassion develops for Leonard as watchers perceive that he is so helpless against control. Leonards powerlessness to Teddys covetous controls and Natalies alarming untrustworthiness further upgrades the crowds compassion toward him. The unimportant lawbreakers who become a close acquaintence with Lenny for their own disagreeable purposes cause the crowd to feel sorry for him. The two baffling, yet apparently accommodating individuals who could conceivably be as agreeable and supportive to Shelby as they show up, are Teddy and Natalie. These two make Lenny appear as though the casualty since they exploit him. For instance, Teddy exploits his condition when he obliges attempting to discover John G. He utilizes this to make Leonard execute Jimmy Grants so as to get the cash structure a medication bargain. Natalie likewise exploits his condition. She makes Lenny hit her and afterward causes it to appear just as it was Dodd who hit her. She does that since she realizes that Dodd will pursue Leonard, getting him away from her. The regressive narrating and the steady puzzle of who is companion or adversary cause the crowd to feel caring towards Leonard Shelby. As the film unfurls, it turns out to be certain that Leonard is effectively re-composing his past so it will adjust to his inclination for considering himself to be a casualty, guiltless and upright. Since watchers put themselves in Shelbys position and see things through his perspective, they feel compassion toward him. The assurance to discover his wifes executioner makes the crowd presume nothing of him. Something else that makes him appear as though the casualty is his transient memory. .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1a7238a95f9e42 , .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1a7238a95f9e42 .postImageUrl , .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1a7238a95f9e42 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1a7238a95f9e42 , .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1a7238a95f9e42:hover , .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1a7238a95f9e42:visited , .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1a7238a95f9e42:active { border:0!important; } .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1a7238a95f9e42 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1a7238a95f9e42 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1a7238a95f9e42:active , .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1a7238a95f9e42:hover { haziness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1a7238a95f9e42 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1a7238a95f9e42 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1a7238a95f9e42 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1a7238a95f9e42 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1a7238a95f9e42:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1 a7238a95f9e42 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1a7238a95f9e42-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uf3f0917974819ff1ad1a7238a95f9e42:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Emotions and sentiments in Star Wars EssayThis makes him defenseless and simple to exploit. Different characters that control Shelby in this film cause the crowd to feel compassion towards him. Each scene illuminates Teddy; he is rarely trusted, however one is never precisely sure why. It might have something to do with the way that the photograph Leonard has of Teddy has the expression Dont trust his untruths composed on the back. Additionally, for what reason is Natalie so ready to support him? Her Polaroid says she will get him out of pity however she likewise exploits him. Its difficult to confide in anybody in this film.

Converse Target Market Analysis Free Essays

The Nike-claimed American sportswear organization has assumed control over its own circulation in China, moved senior promoting staff to China and put Nike advertisement office Wieden Kennedy responsible for a crusade fixated on â€Å"Love Noise,† a narrative film (just as a coordinated showcasing effort) around one of the most quintessential parts of the music world: the excursion. Two groups, 3,584 miles In August 2008, two Beijing-based gatherings †the post-underground rock band P. K. We will compose a custom exposition test on Speak Target Market Analysis or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now 4, effectively one of the most persuasive groups in China, and Queen Sea Big Shark, a cross breed move rock bunch †voyaged in excess of 3,584 miles by transport for about fourteen days. Close by nearby groups in every setting, the two gatherings acted in six Chinese urban areas: Nanjing, Hangzhou, Changsha, Wuhan, Xi’an and Beijing. As the visit and story unfurl, nine included performers uncover their own excursions headed for self-articulation. The narrative was coordinated by Liu Feng, a producer who joined Wieden Kennedy in 2005. The program was made by the autonomous organization with media-arranging support from WPP’s Mindshare. The two organizations additionally work with Nike, which gained Converse in 2003. The narrative turned out a month ago and will be conveyed to shoppers who buy Converse shoes at neighborhood retailers through the finish of March. It’s an unsafe move to adjust Converse’s music-situated U. S. system for China, on the grounds that the country’s free music scene is still little. On visit, obscure groups ordinarily pull in handfuls or several individuals, not thousands. China’s autonomous music scene doesn’t have anyplace close to the mass intrigue it has in the West. It’s at the spearheading stage now, however it is growing,† said Cheryl Calegari, who moved to Shanghai as Converse’s senior advertising chief for Asia/Pacific last January. Close ties with music world Converse has developed close ties with the music world for qu ite a long time. The Chuck Taylor All Star and other Converse shoes have been worn by music legends, for example, Sid Vicious and Blondie, and Converse made an extraordinary version shoe for Kurt Cobain. All through our 100-year history, we’ve consistently praised workmanship, music and style, so it was a characteristic fit for us to be a piece of what’s occurring in China,† Ms. Calegari said. Prior to joining Converse in 2005, she worked with style brands, for example, Tommy Hilfiger and Kenneth Cole. Ms. Calegari showed up in China at about a similar time the Nike auxiliary ventured up its essence in the terrain. It has expanded its showcasing venture and a year ago changed from a permitting arrangement to a merchant model. Talk shoes are presently sold in excess of 1,800 retail outlets in China. Step by step instructions to refer to Converse Target Market Analysis, Papers

Go White Sox!

Go White Sox! I grew up in Elgin, IL and Im a huge White Sox fan (sorry Astro fans). Even though Elgin is northwest of Chicago (and most northsiders are Cubs fans), my dad, grandpa, and great-grandpa were White Sox fans. Not surprisingly, then, my brother and I became White Sox fans too. Of course, Im absolutely giddy that the White Sox are in the World Series and I had the chance to go to games one and two in Chicago this past weekend with my parents and brother. The White Sox havent been in a World Series since 1959 and havent won a World Series since 1917 so I figured I had to take this chance while I could. It may never happen again in my lifetime. I have been going to White Sox games since I was four years old and have a lot of special memories at both the Old Comiskey Park and the newer U.S. Cellular Field. Without a doubt, though, this past weekend, I had the most fun I have ever had at any baseball games. Even now that Im back in Boston, I still get chills thinking about the great pitching and defensive plays, and, of course, the grand slam and Podsedniks walk-off homerun in game two. What was best, though, was seeing how happy my dad was and being able to share all of this with my parents and brother. It didnt matter that it was ridiculously cold each night and raining on Sunday. Seeing our team win two World Series games made us all forget the terrible weather. In fact, the guy sitting in front of us said, isnt this a beautiful night for baseball? We couldnt have agreed more. Here are some pictures of the games as well as my dads scorecards (he keeps score on his palm pilot). You will notice that I look like a gigantic marshmallow in my White Sox parka (and six or seven heavy layers underneath)! Go White Sox! [] A.J. at the plate [] Bobby Jenks on the mound [] Clemens pitching with Everett on first [] Clemens takes the mound [] Clemens windup [] Deleriously happy after the grand slam [] Frank Thomas being introduced [] Harold Baines, Tim Raines, and Joe Cora some of the White Sox coaches [] Jenks and his 100 mph fastball [] Jenks and Konerko [] Jenks, Cooper, Konerko, and Uribe conferring on the mound [] Jenks [] Jermaine Dye, Joe Crede, Juan Uribe, and A.J. Pierzynski during batting practice [] Luis Aparicio throwing out the first pitch [] My brother and me at game 2 [] My family before game 1 [] Paul Konerko [] Poor Cubs fans My dad keeping score on his palm pilot His score cards:

Judicial killings by the Police - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3180 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Topics: Police Essay Did you like this example? In India, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“encounter killingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  are tragically common. Encounter killing is now a euphemism to indicate extrajudicial execution by the police in staged à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“encounterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  scenarios where persons are killed apparently in exercise of the policeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to self-defence. Incidents of encounter killings are widely reported in news media and are even glorified. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Judicial killings by the Police" essay for you Create order Perpetrators of this brand of violence enjoy impunity and immunity from the criminal justice system. Further, police personnel with special à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“expertiseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in extrajudicial killings are hailed as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“encounter specialistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , enjoy key positions in the system and are revered in the State institution and in civil society. This widespread support of encounter killing is also attributable to the fact that, most commonly, victims are those considered anti-social elements with criminal antecedents. The wide prevalence of encounter deaths or extra-judicial killings by the Police and the Armed Forces post independent period has been documented by various human rights organizations. A study conducted by the Asia Pacific Human Rights Network noted that encounter killings were not isolated incidents but occurred throughout India. They are part of a deliberate and conscious state administrative practice for which successive Indian governments must bear responsibility.[1] Indeed, successive Indian governments have adopted a de facto policy sanctioning extra-judicial killings by members of the police forces, army and security personnel. Definitions: Extra judicial killings, as defined in the United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, refers to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the practice of killing and executing political opponents or suspected offenders carried out by armed forces, law enforcement or other governmental agencies or by paramilitary or political groups acting with the support, tacit or otherwise, of official forces or agencies.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [2] According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"encounterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in general means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unexpectedly be faced with or experience (something hostile or difficult)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , it can be defined in the context for the present purpose as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an incident in which police shoot dead a suspected criminalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[3] Sir Nigel Rodley, UN Commission on Human Rights Special Rapporteur on Torture (1993-2003),extra-judicial executions as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“killings committed outside the judicial process by or with the consent of, public officials, other than as necessary measures of law enforcement to protect life or as acts of armed conflict carried out in conformity with the rules of international humanitarian law.[4] Amnesty International in a 2003 report characterised an extra-judicial execution as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an unlawful and deliberate killing carried out by order of a government or with its acquiescenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The report further says that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Extra-judicial killings are killings which can reasonably be assumed to be the result of a policy at any level of government to eliminate specific individuals as an alternative to arresting them and bringing them to justice. These killings take place outside any judicial framework.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [5] The phrase à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"encounter killingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is derived from the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"encounterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as employed by the Indian Police Service, along with the Indian Military and Paramilitary, to describe a specific kind of contact whereby an alleged criminal or person of interest is killed in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"spontaneous, unplanned à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“shootoutà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[6] According to Manisha Sethi, a police à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“encounter killingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , or, simply, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“encounterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is a term with no legal validity but which has seeped via the media into Indian English so surely that it has acquired a life of its own. It refers to a face-to-face interaction between the police and suspects leading to the killing of the suspects.[7] Encounter killings are one element of a broader category called extra-judicial executions. Note that these custodial deaths generally exclude à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ encoun terà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  killings. The police typically claim they killed in self-defence outside police custody.[8] Encounter and Fake encounter à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the Difference: The real encounters means state-owned force or police opens fire on armed criminals, indigenous armed people groups or non-state actors as a retaliatory measure to defend civilians or themselves or safeguard public life or Institutions of public importance like Mumbai attack or 9/11 US attack or Indian parliament attack or attack on police /armed forces convoy. Fake encounter is a murder under the colour of performance of official duty. A fake encounter is where a person has been killed in cold blood, and not in self-defence, whereas a genuine encounter is that in which a person has been killed in self-defence. If somebody is firing at you, and the only way to stop him from killing or grievously injuring you is to shoot back, in that case youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re a part of a genuine encounter Where as a fake encounter is when you catch hold of somebody and kill him in cold blood. There is absolutely no threat to you.[9] In afake encounter, the police or armed forces kill the suspects, when they are either incustodyor are unarmed, and then claim to have shot them in self-defence. In such cases, the police may plant weapons on or near the corpses to provide a justification for killing the individual. To explain the discrepancy between records that show that the individual was in police custody at the time of his encounter, the police may say that the suspect had escaped.[10] It is alleged that police typically take a suspected militant into custody without filing an arrest report. If the suspect died during interrogation, security forces would deny ever taking the person into custody and instead claim that they were killed during an armed encounter.[11]It is alleged that police would add weapons to the dead body to demonstrate cause for killing the individual, stage-managing t he encounter, leading to the popular phrase à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fake encounter killing.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [12]Other similar occasions were that militants were staging an attack, or the suspect attempted to escape to recover militant arms while being escorted. At times, the police applied for and received production warrants, which allowed them to remove individuals accused in terrorism cases from jail. They often killed the detainees in fake encounters outside the jail.[13] The Modus operandi of encounter killings reveals whether it is fake or not. There are certain incidents associated with encounters such as the time and place of occurrence and the arms recovered gives a lead that the encounter was a staged or fake. Most of the staged encounter killings occured in middle of night, large vehicles such as Maruti gypsies, TATA Sumo and van were used for transportation. The place of occurrence was far from human settlement or habitation. Forensic/ballistic examinations of exhibits were mos tly avoided or unduly delayed, and the investigation ultimately fizzled out. There was police patrolling in the crime areas prior to and after, but not during the killings. The Central and State governments generally interpret the word, encounter, to mean genuine encounters, with fake encounters being an exception rather than the rule. Those fighting for civil liberties, however, say that the dividing line between genuine and fake encounters is rather tenuous and argued that most of the cases considered by the police as genuine are indeed fake.[14] Historical Background Killing people in cold-blood and describing the incident as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an encounter where an exchange of fire took place at the end of which the police discovered some dead bodiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  dates back to the early part of the last century. Perhaps this devious method of killing was invented by the British.[15] A notorious instance of an encounter took place in 1924 when Alluri Sitarama Raju, who le d a tribal upheaval against the British, was killed. However, recent research explored the reality that he was caught and killed in cold-blood without any exchange of fire.[16] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Encounter has been a dirty word in India for decades, especially since the Punjab insurgency ofthe 1980s and 1990s.[17] Since independence encounter killings have been prevalent in the unstable regions such as Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, areas with Maoist presence, the North East, and crime flooded areas of Mumbai.[18] Though today encounter is considered as an operation against terrorism, insurgency and left wing extremism, anti-dacoit, each state in India has its own cause and reason, own story behind the birth of encounters killings. The history of encounters in some of the major states are as follows. Maharashtra Maharashtra was among the first States to introduce à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“encounter killingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as a method of policing and has perfected it over time.[19] Encounters fall into two categories in the State à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" shootouts that take place in Mumbai, which are largely underworld-related, and those that take place in the districts, particularly in the naxalite corridor that borders Andhra Pradesh.[20] Police documents say that encounters began in the early 1980s, when the underworld started exercising control over the city, when Gang rivalries were at their peak, the police began to eliminate key gangsters in order to curb crime or even to settle scores and such encounters eventually became a means to break the underworld in the city.[21] But by the early 1990s the after serial bomb blasts of 1993, a special force trained in automatic weaponry was created in the police to combat the underworld terror and finish off gangsters thereby virtually given the licence to kill which later came to be known as the Encounter Specialists. Jammu and Kashmir Encounters have been a regular feature in Jammu and Kashmir for the past 15 years to counter insurgency-related violence. The intensive campaign of encounter killings of civilians by Kashmiri militant groups, started in 1998, continued, and included several political killings. Separatist militants committed numerous, serious abuses, including killing of armed forces personnel, police, government officials, and civilians; torture; rape; and brutality. They also were responsible for kidnaping and extortion in the state.[22] The first encounter that attracted attention was the killing of five people by the police and 7 Rashtriya Rifles in the Pathribal area of south Kashmir on March 25, 2000. This came five days after the massacre of 35 Sikhs by unidentified gunmen in Chhatisinghpora in the valley obviously to invite the attention of visiting United States President Bill Clinton towards Kashmir.[23] The US Department of State estimated the Indian Security forces killed 1520 alleged militants in 2000 and 1082 in 1999, all in encounters, in Jammu and Kashmir.[24 ] North Eastern States For years, security forces inManipurhave faced allegations of human rights violations and extrajudicial killings committed under cover of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA). Irom Sharmila, started a hunger fast in protest against the AFSPA in 2000.[25] In July 2004, the nation was rocked by the protests of a group of Manipuri women who marched to an Assam Rifles base in Imphal, stripped naked and raised a searing banner: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Indian Army Rape Usà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . A fortnight earlier they were protesting the rape, torture and murder of Thangjam Manorama, 32, who was picked up from her home at night by the Assam Rifles.[26] other notable encounters include Azad Khan, Khumbongmayum Orsonjit, Nameirakpam Gobin Meitei, Nameirakpam Nobo Meitei, Elangbam Kiranjit Singh, ChongthamUmakanta and Akoijam Priyobroto.[27] Punjab Most of the police encounters in Punjab were disguised under counter-insurgency between 1984 and 1995. The victim usu ally was a person believed to be a militant or involved in the militant separatist movement. These encounters were reported to local newspapers and to the family members of those killed. Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh, probably the worst affected state with hundreds of such encounters that snatched away the lives of about 4,000 people during the last four decades. It was during the 1940s, more than 3,000 cadres and other persons who participated in the Telangana peasant armed struggle (1946-51) were killed in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“encountersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , most of them being fake.[28] While it was the Nizamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s police that used the liquidat ­ing method during 1946-48, two-thirds of these encounter killings took place under military rule and subsequent civil rule of the government of India between 1948 and 1951.[29] Thus, the then Hyderabad state has the dubious distinction of the first state to kill its own people in the name of encounters in post-1947 India.[3 0] Tamil Nadu Nearly 60 per cent of all cases on extrajudicial deaths are received from the state of Uttar Pradesh (UP), where the victims are usually individuals with criminal backgrounds. In Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and TamilNadu, all the anti-dacoit operations are disguised in the form of encounters. In Tamilnadu the trend of encounter started since 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Some of the famous encounter killings in Tamilnadu are that of Veerappan, the notorious forest brigand who was killed by the Special Task Force (STF) in 2004, Al-Umma activist Imam Aliand his associates in Bangalore, Venkatesa Pannaiyar, local rowdies like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Punkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Kumar, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Urundaià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Rajan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Manal meduà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Shankar and the more recently the killing of five suspects involved in a bank robbery. Its interesting to note that most of encounters which involved killing of rowdies, gundas, goons and anti-social elements were fake , the people of Tamilnadu appreciate as eliminating them results in maintenance of law and order. The encounter killings of Uttar Pradesh state is discussed in the next chapter. Besides a common national agenda such as anti-terrorism, anti-naxal operations and also anti-dacoit operations encounter killings happens for various other reasons too. Infact most of the fake and staged encounter killings happens for these reasons. Personal vendetta One such factor is the personal vendetta of the police, either towards the fellow police personnel Gonda Encounter case[31] or RTI activists who acts as whistleblowerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bringing out the truth and justice into limelight.[32] Contract killing Some of the officials who are trained in such encounter become à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"encounter specialistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and later for their personal benefits carry out contract killings by converting these into encounters. Some were acting against rival gangs and bumping off o nly members of a particular gang.[33] The recent judgment of a Delhi court holding guilty ten policemen for the killing of two businessmen in an encounter killing is another example for such killing.[34] To Byepass the enquiry for custodial death There are instances where in order to bypass magisterial enquiry under the amended Section 176(1-A)[35] of the CrPC the custodials death too are converted to encounter deaths. According to section 176(1 A) the Judicial Magistrate or the Metropolitan Magistrate has to enquire into the death of persons in police custody. Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Watch, in its independent fact-finding, found that most cases of encounter killings, were in fact, custodial deaths where the deceased was already in the custody of the police and that an encounter scenario was staged as though the deceased resisted arrest, in order to bypass the procedure established under Section 176(1-A).[36] [1] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Encounter Killing, Torture and Custodial Deathà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  available at à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“https://urgentquestions.blogspot.in/2010/12/sunshine-india-encounter-killings.htmlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [2] Sixth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Caracas, 25 August-5 September 1980: report prepared by the Secretariat (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.81.IV.4), chap. I, sect. B, resolution 5. [3] https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/encounter_2 (Last Accessed March 2014) [4] Nigel S. Rodley and Matt Pollard, The Treatment of Prisoners under International Law 252 (Oxford University Press, Oxford 3rd ed., 2009) [5] Amnesty International, Israel and the Occupied Territories: Israel must put an immediate end to the policy and practice of assassinations, 4 July 2003 available at : https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE15/056/2003/en/16f1eef4-d6bd-11dd-ab95 a13b602c0642/mde1505620 03en.htm [6] Belur Jyoti, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Why do the Police use Deadly Force? Explaining Police Encounters in Mumbaià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , British Journal of Criminology (2009, Nov) [7] Manisha Sethi, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fake Encounters in India: Instant Justice By Police and Posthumous Trial by Mediaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  available at:https://aparc.stanford.edu/events/fake_encounters_in_india_instant_justice_by_police_and_posthumous_trial_by_media/ (Last Accessed March 2014) [8]Praful Bidwai, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Murder by encounterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , available at: https://www.prafulbidwai.org/index.php?post/2009/10/09/Murder-by-encounter (Last Accessed March 2014) [9] Astha Maheswari, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fake encounters in Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  available at https://www.ndtvmi.com/b4/dopesheets/aastha.pdf (Last Accessed March 2014) [10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encounter_killings_by_police [11] US Department of state, India Human Rights Practices, 1993 available at: https://dosfan.lib.uic .edu/ERC/democracy/1993_hrp_report/93hrp_report_sasia/India.html [12] Pepper, DanielIndia Makes a Place for Dirty Harry available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/01/weekinreview/01pepper.html?_r=1pagewanted=all [13] Communication to Special Rhttps://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/01/weekinreview/01pepper.html?_r=1pagewanted=allepresentative on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders. Ensaaf. 05/12/2006 available at: https://www.ensaaf.org/pdf/un/Bhatti.pdf [14]Venugopal.V, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Evading Guidelinesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 27(17) FRONTLINE (2010, Aug 14-27 [15] Venugopal, N, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fake Encounters: Story from Andhra Pradesh 42(41) EPW 4106-11 (2007, Oct) [16] Ibid [17] Anil Kalhan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Human Rights: Quantifying Indias Encounter Deaths And Disappearancesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , SAJA Forum March 13, 2009à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , https://www.sajaforum.org/2009/03/human-rights-quantifying-encounter-deaths-and-disappearances.html (Last Accessed March 2014) [18] R ao, P.Srikrishna Deva, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Encounter Killings in Andhra Pradeshà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  30 EPW 2787-8 (1995, Nov) [19] Katakam Anupama, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fake justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 26(20) FRONTLINE (2009, Sep. 26-Oct. 09) https://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2620/stories/20091009262002000.htm [20] Ibid [21] Ibid [22] United States Department of State,2000 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices India, February 23, 2001 available at : https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/sa/717.htm [23] Shujaat Bukhari à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fake justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 26(20) FRONTLINE (2009, Sep. 26-Oct. 09) [24] United States Department of State,2000 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices India, February 23, 2001 available at : https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/sa/717.htm [25] Teresa Rehman, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Murder In Plain Sightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 6 (31) TEHELKA (2009, August 08) available at https://www.tehelka.com/murder-in-plain-sight/ [26] Ibid [27] https://www.hueiyenlanpao.com/headlines/item/8561-extrajudicial-killings-panel-wraps-up-hearing-report-to-be-submitted-in-a-week [28] Supra Venugopal, N, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fake Encounters: Story from Andhra Pradesh 42(41) EPW 4106-11 (2007, Oct) [29] Ibid [30]Ibid [31] The1982 Gonda Encounteris an ongoing criminal case involving the murder of 13 people including the Deputy Superintendent of police inGonda districtof the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. A alleged group clash had occurred on the night of 12 March 1982 in Madhavpur village located within the Katrabazar police station area in Gonda district. DSP K P Singh, on getting the information about the criminals Ram Bhulawan and Arjun Pasi, went to the village with the police.KP Singh was later taken to the hospital where doctors declared him brought dead. 12 other people also died who were later declared dacoits by R B Saroj (who was head of police station) and his partners. The police later submitted a report saying the DSP was killed by dacoits in a bomb attack and the policemen killed the dacoits in an encounter. They also showed the bodies of 12 people as evidence. Later it was found that it was a killing motivated by the conduct of an honest officer in this case, Mr Singh who wanted to act against his subordinates who were hand-in-glove with local criminals. After 24 long years of investigation, the special CBI court convicted eight policemen on March 29, 2013. In the trial period of 19 policemen who were charge sheeted, 10 had died and seven had retired. On 5 April 2013, the CBI court judge Rajendra Singh announced death penalty for three policemen and life imprisonment for the five remaining accused. [32] https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-real-truth/entry/encounter-killings-of-rti-activists-gujarat-tops-charts [33] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fake encounters back in closetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  https://www.asianage.com/mumbai/fake-encounters-back-closet-751 [34] https://www.pucl.org/bull etins/2007/PUCLdec07.pdf [35] After 2005 Amendment of Cr.P.C Section 176(1-A) was included which reads as follows, Where,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  (a) any person dies or disappears, or (b) rape is alleged to have been committed on any woman, while such person or woman is in the custody of the police or in any other custody authorised by the Magistrate or the court, under this Code in addition to the inquiry or investigation held by the police, an inquiry shall be held by the Judicial Magistrate or the Metropolitan Magistrate, as the case may be, within whose local jurisdiction the offence has been committed [36] https://www.peopleswatch.org/dm-documents/Reports/Annual Report/Annual Report 2008-2009.pdf

Procrastination Research - 2781 Words

Academic Procrastination and Academic Achievement Luciano, Kristel Joy A. ABPsych 2-2 Introduction to Psychology Psych 125 Academic Procrastination and Academic Achievement Nowadays, procrastination has been a common phenomenon happening in our daily lives. This practice can be observe almost everywhere, in our home, at work, in different fields and especially at school. In this fast-paced era where everything seems to be moving quite rapidly. Some people find it difficult to manage their tasks and so they tend to result to†¦show more content†¦There are two traditional indicators of academic achievement, namely, grades and highest level of educational attainment. These two indicators are arguably the most important to educators, students, their parents, and those people who make public policy decisions. According to Ablard and Parker (1997) Academic achievement which is also known as academic performance is defined as obtaining high grades and test scores. Also as cited in Bhagat (2013) Ward, Murray-Ward, Stoker said that academic performance is a measure as to the extent to which pre-determined educational goals are achieved which can be done either in continuous assessment (such as assignments) or final examination systems both of which have their own advantages and disadvantages. According to Ackerman, Chamorro-Premuzic, amp; Furnham (2010) the educational psychology literature decisively indicates that the psychological variables have an important role in academic performance. Some of the psychological factors that plays an important role to promote or decline academic performance are self-efficacy, achievement motivation, and academic procrastination (Azar, 2013). Recent studies on school children Deary, Strand, Smith, amp; Fernandes, and university students Rohde amp; Thomp son, have confirmed this. Academic procrastination and Academic Achievement There are literatures that suggestsShow MoreRelatedStudent Procrastination And An Open Testing Environment958 Words   |  4 PagesAcademic procrastination is an established area of research in higher education and psychology. This phenomenon has been studied with many forms of student assignments, including those in online courses (e.g., Goda, Yamada, Kato, Matsuda, Saito Miyagawa, 2014; McElroy Lubich, 2013; Klingsieck, Fries, Horz, Hofer, 2012; Rabin, Fogel, Nutter-Upham, 2011). Up to 70% of university students consider themselves to be procrastinators (Goda et al., 2014; Schouwenburg, Lay, Pychyl, Ferrari, 2004)Read MoreWhat I Had A Year1505 Words   |  7 PagesI had a month to finish my research paper. It was a long-term assignment, so I didn’t have to start doing it right away. Surprisingly, I put it off for 26 days and now I only had 4 days to finish it. Knowing the due date was near; I jumped up on my table and started to write. Unfortunately, I couldn’t believe that picking up a tiny topic for my paper was a challenging task for me. Then, I decided to shift it into another day. 3 days left. It was Saturday, so I had to go to work and came home lateRead MoreCauses and Effects of Procrastination764 Words   |  3 Pagesschool, college or even the workplace, many people tend to neglect an assignment that has an approaching deadline. It is merely impossible for people to claim that they have never waited until the last minute to complete a task. Recognizably, procrastination is not an unfamiliar term. I can vividly remember frantically attempting to complete a paper at almost two in the morning, just several hours before it was due. With my eyes heavy and my mind racing back and forth between my laptop screen andRead MoreThe Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Procrastination Among University Students1344 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Procrastination – a phenomenon that has become increasingly prevalent in contemporary society – has developed to the extent that it not only affects university students, but also the general population. Although the notion of procrastination dates back to approximately 800BC (Steel, 2007), studies up until today have failed to understand the causes of procrastination. Ferrari (1994) argues for this notion stating that procrastination â€Å"remains one of the least understood human miseries†Read MoreA Contagious Disease1565 Words   |  7 Pagesmy case. At 1:00am, you’ll most likely find me at a desk, completing some impending assignments that I decided to do last minute. How did I get here? Well, I’m a victim. No, not of terrorism, and surely not of a deadly contagious disease! But- Procrastination. Chances are, you are too. The habit is often looked and now has intervened its way into society- unfortunately. If you think you’re doing yourse lf a favour, you’re only risking the chances of increased stress and a problematic life. And if it’sRead More Procrastination: Habit or Disorder? Essay1395 Words   |  6 PagesProcrastination: Habit or Disorder? Procrastination is the art of keeping up with yesterday and avoiding today. - Wayne Dyer (6) Universally common to college students, procrastination is often addressed as a bad habit. Yet, in most cases, this isnt a nuance, but a perpetual occurrence - no longer qualifying for the term habit. Typically thought of as a behavioral trait, procrastination thrives on a cycle of blame shifting and avoidance. Falling victim to this habit myself, I embarkedRead MoreThe Art Of Procrastination By Robert Benchley1217 Words   |  5 PagesThe Art of Procrastination â€Å". . . Anyone can do any amount of work, provided it isn t the work he is supposed to be doing at that moment. -- Robert Benchley, in Chips off the Old Benchley, 1949 Let us start by taking a moment of silence for every wasted second not doing what we were supposed to be doing. Now that’s over, let us go on a wild journey to the horror of a teenagers bedroom. Clothes lay scattered on the floor in dismay, piles of unfinished homework occupy the outskirts of the the deskRead MoreProcrastination Is A Behavior Or An Act Of Delaying Starting Essay1509 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION Procrastination is a behavior or an act of delaying starting or performing a task that was supposed or anticipated to be done within a definite time limit. It is a phenomenon that has been extensively researched upon especially in academic settings. Several studies have explored its causes, form and effects. Findings have suggested how it is detrimental to academic achievement, long term health, financial standing, well-being, etc. (Sepehrian Lotf, 2011; Tice BaumeisterRead MoreThe Causes Of Procrastination815 Words   |  4 PagesProcrastination is the avoidance of doing a task that needs to be accomplished. It is a common issue most Americans face today. Procrastination can be argued whether or not if it’s caused by choice. There are various factors that lead to procrastination such as; our being brain programmed to procrastinate, feeling like you aren’t in the right frame of mind to do a particular task, and the lack of self-confidence. Procrastination doesn’t happen just because, it is a result of our brain being programmedRead MoreProcrastination And Its Effects On Students1300 Words   |  6 PagesEveryday students procrastinate. This is not something new, however. Procrastination is a behavior that started a long time ago. It is a phenomenon as old as the universe. Most students are seen procrastinating every day. Zarick Stonebraker (2009) conducted a survey among students. They wrote: As expected, the effects of procrastination are widespread. Only a single student claimed â€Å"never† to be affected by procrastination in any of the three categories and 42 percent admitted that they â€Å"usually†

Mock interview Free Essays

Johnson, and we talked a little bit about that company which was about how great that company is. I love Johnson Johnson this company a lot. It survived from World War One, the Great Depression , and World War Two. We will write a custom essay sample on Mock interview or any similar topic only for you Order Now And it is coming much and much stronger, more than ever. We went through some Traditional Interview Questions as well. When he asked me, â€Å"do you prefer working on a team or as an individual contributor? I basically combined my own working experience with it, and I said â€Å"l actually more enjoy working on a team rather than an individual contributor, because I used to work In a restaurant before which Is not a one person’s Job, it takes many people and time to work on it, to manage it, and run It. † As myself, I take every firm and company as a big running machine, and each stuff members are working as a small part and component of this machine. Everyone Is involved, and everyone Is Important as well. In order to make this machine runs, each part and component Is Indispensable. It may start to running If without some part or component, but It won’t work as well as If everyone Is Involved. It was a great experience to having an Interview with him. The whole Interviewing didn’t take too long, and it was only about 20 minutes. But he gave me a very good Impression from the beginning to the end. It Is very Important to have such a mock Interview before we take the real Interview with some big companies. It Isn’t Just gave me the experience, but It also gives me the courage. How to cite Mock interview, Papers

Digital Dilemmas Information Technology

Question: Discuss about the Digital Dilemmas for Information Technology. Answer: Introduction: The Stealthgenie app was designed and marketed by Hammad Akbar in 2014 that helps to track ones partner by tapping their phones and tracking their locations. This smart phone app is highly unethical as it violates ones privacy. It greatly violates ones right to privacy, communication, information and possession. It is a way to hamper ones personal and private belongings. The app helps a person to gain control of ones physical condition by tracking their movement via an online map (Zapotosky, 2017). This essay will present an argument regarding the monitoring of people through a stalker app. This app violates the ethical theory from three perspectives of utilitarianism, deontological and privacy. All these three perspectives present the Stealthgenie app as unethical and pose a threat to ones privacy. The utilitarianism ethics in information technology is defined as the rights or actions that are intended to provide happiness to a large number of people, society or group (Friedman et al., 2013). However, the Stealthgenie app was designed to monitor other peoples activities by tracking their phone calls and gain physical control by tracking their locations via an online map. It is highly unethical and violates a persons personal and physical rights to communication, information, possession or communication (Kernaghan, 2014). It also violates the moral conduct by controlling ones behavior and movement. The inception app is against the utilitarian theory of ethics as it leads to unh appiness among relationships by tracking cheaters in love and the victims of domestic violence people are highly affected. Nevertheless, from a utilitarian point of view, it is controversial as it helped the youngsters and spouses to save themselves from cheaters and people benefit from the app promoting business conduct. However, the Government of Australia said that this kind of surveillance app could be used by parents in tracking their children and monitoring older adults by their caregivers. Surveillance is sub-issue under privacy and it is related to intruding a persons personal information and control over their whereabouts. According to Immanuel Kants deontological theory, it is unethical for the parents to track their children by installing software in their childrens smart phones. It is the complete violation of a child's rights and it is a perfect duty of a person to provide privacy to others by not spying or monitoring them without their knowledge (Raj Roy, 2016). He said ones actions and the outcomes is ones personal and independent thing. It is ones personal behavior to lie or cheat the other person. It is a duty of a person not to lie or cheat other people and monitoring them through a smart phone app is unethical. However, millions of dollars are spent by the information technology companies over surveillance systems to track their employees and monitor their activities. They are used for monitoring web activity, emails and phone calls of the employees. Privacy is an important aspect of information technology ethics. The right to private communication is where a person wants to keep his or her information private. It is ones privacy rights over their personal information, bodies, thoughts and personal communications with others and occupied space (Chadwick, Levitt Shickle, 2014). This app violates a persons privacy by tracking their phone calls. It also violates the right to personal information where a person has the right to share and keep their information only a specific person. The Stealthgenie app also tracks ones location through an online map that violates a persons right to possession. The app installed in the phone of the partners without their knowledge is highly unethical and pose a threat to their privacy. Despite these unethical issues associated with the app, this app gained popularity among the youngsters in catching their cheating lovers and spouses in monitoring their partners. The unauthorized intrusion into one s life poses a threat to relationships and gives rise to serious fights. The domestic violence is a perfect example where this app has greatly hampered. The victims of domestic violence requested to the government to knock down this app as they are abused by their spouses. The main issue related to this phone tracking software is that it threatens individual freedom (Taylor Rooney, 2016). From a parent or spouses point of view, it is an unambiguous question regarding the need for a tracking app. No person or child would accept the fact of being tracked or monitored by tracking software. It damages a persons right to freedom of action. This spying software has gain negative popularity with time as it gives a clear picture of a persons contacts, interactions and relocations. As a matter of fact, the stealth mode is used by governments in defense and not in the case of domestic spying hampering personal privacy. It also violates ones trust among the relationships. Privacy is a utilitarian value as it is important to conceive a persons personal information (Whitten, Hightower Sayeed, 2014). There are consequences like personal embarrassment and financial loss. Moreover, it compromises a persons privacy with a risk to inception that is unlawful. The privacy of women, children and minorities are at risk due to the use of these spying devices. These devices also encourage the invasion of privacy. From a deontological point of view, it is defined as the duties or rights that are focused on the actions that are right not because of its consequences rather right in themselves. Concisely, it is the act that recognizes morality and in respecting the rights of a person in regard to information, communication or possession (Moore Katell, 2015). It is a persons natural fundamental right and it is an important tool for advancing the social structures and does not view it as a platonic thing. Stealthgenie app is a perfect example that demonstrates the different ethical aspects related to information technology and pose a threat to privacy. It made attempts of private invasion and is unethical and illegal in its consequences. It is a complex issue that requires strict vigilance to protect a persons privacy (Levy, 2014). Through these kinds of spying apps, parents, spouses and jealous partners are able to intercept their partners. It is highly unethical and violates a persons right to personal information, communication or possession. Monitoring ones life or spying over their personal interactions and location is unethical from the utilitarian and deontological perspective. As the behavior means that spying others activities promote greater unhappiness among the relationships. The consequences are highly unethical as the spying devices used by people are a medium of abusing their partners. The victims of domestic violence are badly affected by this tracking software. From the informational technologys ethical perspective, it harms a persons privacy and surveillance to a persons personal information is a sub-issue under privacy (Camp, 2015). The manufacturing companies of spying software greatly benefit through these devices by gaining popularity among parents and spouses. However, with time it loses its popularity as the minorities, children and women are abused through these tracking devices. The Australian government has imposed laws like Privacy Act includes Privacy principles that impose strict vigilance towar ds this tracking software and revises the information technology policies to protect ones privacy and respect autonomy (Butler Rodrick, 2015). The government should impose stringent laws against the companies that are intended to make such tracking devices and strict regulation is required over them. Therefore, from any perspective, the stalking and spying apps are unethical and unacceptable. References Butler, D. A., Rodrick, S. (2015).Australian media law. Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited. Camp, L. J. (2015). Respecting people and respecting privacy.Communications of the ACM,58(7), 27-28. Chadwick, R., Levitt, M., Shickle, D. (Eds.). (2014).The right to know and the right not to know: genetic privacy and responsibility. Cambridge University Press. Friedman, B., Kahn Jr, P. H., Borning, A., Huldtgren, A. (2013). Value sensitive design and information systems. InEarly engagement and new technologies: Opening up the laboratory(pp. 55-95). Springer Netherlands. Kernaghan, K. (2014). Digital dilemmas: Values, ethics and information technology.Canadian Public Administration,57(2), 295-317. Levy, K. E. (2014). Intimate Surveillance.Idaho L. Rev.,51, 679. Moore, A. D., Katell, M. (2015). Value of Privacy, Security, and Accountability.Security, and Accountability (October 13, 2015). Raj, S. K., Roy, S. (2016). Accounting Theory: An Ethical Perspective of Real Life Scenarios.International Journal of Business and Social Research,6(10), 47-55. Taylor, E., Rooney, T. (2016).Surveillance Futures: Social and Ethical Implications of New Technologies for Children and Young People. Routledge. Whitten, D., Hightower, R., Sayeed, L. (2014). Mobile device adaptation efforts: the impact of hedonic and utilitarian value.Journal of Computer Information Systems,55(1), 48-58. Zapotosky, M. (2017). StealthGenie maker fined for 'stalker' app. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 January 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/smartphone-apps/maker-of-smartphone-surveillance-app-fined-avoids-jail-time-20141126-11upqs.html

Using technology in classrooms

Introduction Numerous schools across the country are investing massive sums of money in technology in order to improve learning. While a few institutions have benefited from these programs, research shows that several have not. Technology use in classes also impedes other programs and reduces learning outcomes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Using technology in classrooms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The evidence In certain scenarios, technology use in the classroom is counterproductive. The National Assessment of Educational Progress found that students who spent too much of their time on technological tools, such as computers, performed worse than those who did not. Although school administrators mean well by introducing technologies in their institutions, these tools can cause adverse distractions in the student body. In fact, such distractions should provide enough evidence for school administrators to r emove them from their institution. When computers are present in a classroom, it causes teachers to compete with them. Unlike other learning tools (textbooks, whiteboards etc) that are exclusively used for learning purposes, computers have so many non-academic uses. Children are bound to abuse these advantages and thus perform poorly. Some schools provide their students with computer games, tutorials and simulations in order to boost their writing skills. Kulik (34) found that their writing skills got worse after participating in computer enrichment program; their performance decreased by -0.14. Richtel (A1) explains that technology can be detrimental to student’s learning owing to its effect on the financial costs of a school. He explains that many schools are blindly investing in technology without asking for proof that it works. Since technology requires a lot of revenues, these schools have had to cut back on their expenditures in other traditional classes such as physica l education, music or art. As much as technological skills are important in children’s adult lives, their need to develop skills in physical education or art is just as important too. It is especially relevant to those children with talents in such areas. Technology use in classrooms is placing unnecessary financial pressure on schools with smaller budgets thus eating up on other vital knowledge areas. Sometimes technology use in classrooms does not affect children’s performance either negatively or positively. One should note that neutral effects on learning are just as bad as negative effects because schools are not realizing their returns on investment. It is pointless to spend massive amounts of revenue on a tool that causes no improvement.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kulik (13) investigated the effect on instructional technology in secondary and elementary schoo ls and found no significant changes. His analysis was based on secondary literature from over 15 national studies. The author found that reading scores among children who received their instructions through technology improved by very small quantities. Furthermore, because the results were divergent among various researches, then it is not possible to make a firm conclusion on the subject. The results of technology enhanced learning among special groups are not that promising, as well. Muir Herzig (120) did a study of the effect of technology on children who are at risk. She defined at-risk children as those whose education might be endangered owing to their health, social, family or economic environments. Usually, such children will report high rates of absenteeism and low grades. Some schools with high proportions of at-risk students have introduced technology as a method of coping with these challenges, but have found minimal results. The researcher cited teacher-related deficien cies and administrational inadequacies as some of the reasons behind the poor results. All these findings indicate that no conclusive proof exists to support the use of technology. The earliest proponents of technology use in the classroom came from the Clinton administration in 1995. They believed that technology would increase the US’s competiveness in the global arena. However, the group stressed that massive adoption should only commence when the education system has tangible proof that the technologies work. This proof should come from nation-wide trials that have lasted for years on end. However, because technology applications are so different and they keep changing rapidly, then it is difficult to carry out such a trial. In essence, users of technology may have to embrace the technology without certainty about the potential effects (Richtel A1). It is simply pointless to make such a large investment without having sufficient evidence that the approach works.Advertisin g We will write a custom essay sample on Using technology in classrooms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The inherent nature of technology has a large role to play in determining these negative outcomes. Technologies keep changing so quickly; therefore, training programs must become a routine activity in the school environment, yet this is not always tenable. Furthermore, these changes in technology also correspond to changes in the students’ learning styles. Teachers must merge these new learning styles to their teaching approach, yet that is not always possible. Technology use requires coordinators that can facilitate these transitions and teachers who are willing to make changes constantly; this may be a difficult ask for most instructors. Additionally, the costs of changing these pieces of technology may also impede some schools. It is always necessary to upgrade hardware and software in the school environment (Muir He rzig 122). However, funding issues may minimize these upgrades thus making it difficult for teachers to merge new software with the old computers that they have. Counterevidence A number of proponents believe that schools should give technology a second thought because it prepares students for the outside world. They claim that it teaches them the necessary skills to compete in the corporate arena. However, these proponents are assuming that the goal of technology is only long term. If a teacher’s goal is to improve performance today, then he or she would not gain from the use of technology. Furthermore, when teachers do not give students short term goals to aspire to, then their performance starts to dwindle. It is quite difficult to erasure higher order thinking or problem solving skills without the use of tests, yet this is what proponents of technology use are advocating for in their institutions. Even if one assumes that technology leads to development of certain learnin g skills, one must realize that it also destroys others. Language skills and interpersonal skills are just as important as problem-solving skills, especially among young children. However, the introduction of technology in classes reduces the amount of time that students have to interact with one another and thus develop the necessary team-working or language skills needed to survive in the workplace too.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some proponents argue that research has shown some positive improvements; even though these findings are small, they still represent a positive correlation. However, analysts have realized that sometimes the positive results may come from external factors such as parental involvement. When schools decide to incorporate some of these technologies in teaching, they often expect parents to make contributions to the purchases. As a result, most parents will become keen on their children’s performance, which will make their results improve. Additionally, one will find that schools with high levels of investment in technology often train their teachers very frequently. Increases in test scores may actually be brought on by the improved teaching training rather than the technologies. Baylor and Ritchie (12) found that for technology to work well in the classroom, it must be complemented by a series of other activities. Teachers need to have a plan for the technology, which must cons ist of the vision and philosophy that will determine the use of that technology. One must also name all the stakeholders involved as well as the configuration, time plan and funding components of the technology. Furthermore, teachers require technology role models from their administrations, such as school principles, in order to provide leadership. Curriculum alignment is also another vital contributor to the success of technology. Teachers need to be exposed to the technology for a long period of time before they can claim to have mastered it. Educators also need to make decisions on how best to use the technologies once they have been introduced to that setting (Evans-Andris 27). All these prerequisites may present serious problems in realization of tangible results. First, educators may find it difficult to estimate aspects of the technology plan such as funding or configuration. It is difficult to find technology models in schools, and curriculum alignment is always problematic ; many teachers cannot maintain the same pace as the changes in technology. Lastly, differentials exist on the best way to utilize technology. Conclusion Research on the effect of technology in classrooms is inconclusive as some studies show only slight improvements while most reveal no change or reduced performance. It would not make sense to invest in a program that has not been validated. Furthermore, most positive results emanate from teacher training and parental support rather than the actual technological tool. Works Cited Baylor, Amy Donn Ritchie. â€Å"What factors facilitate teacher skill, teacher morale, and perceived student leanring technology-using classrooms?† Computers and Education. 4(2002): 1-20. Web. Evans-Andris, Micheal. â€Å"An examination of computing styles among teachers in elementary schools.† Educational Technology Research and Development, 4.2(1995): 15-30. Print. Kulik, James. Effects of using instructional technology in elementary and se condary schools: What controlled evaluation studies say. SRI International no. P10446. Arlington, VA, 2003 Muir-Herzig, Rozalind. â€Å"Technology and its impact in the classroom.† Computers and Education 42(2004): 111-131. Web. Richtel, Matt.†In classroom of future, stagnant scores.† New York Times, 4 September 2011: A1. Print. This essay on Using technology in classrooms was written and submitted by user Kamden Sullivan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ib World Lit the Doctors Wife and Kokoro Essay Example

Ib World Lit the Doctors Wife and Kokoro Essay Example Ib World Lit the Doctors Wife and Kokoro Paper Ib World Lit the Doctors Wife and Kokoro Paper This merely my outline write it yourself! How the Motif of Death creates the Somber Mood I. Through the recurring motif of death the author creates a somber mood A. The Doctor’s Wife by Sawako Ariyoshi B. Kokoro by Natsume Soseki II. Using an unaffected tone the author reveals deaths that are important to the novel. A. â€Å"On a night so cold that the herb garden was covered in frost the woman gasped her last breath. K, at the time, was too preoccupied with her own nausea as she sat by Otsugi’s bed in prayer. And her mother-in-law departed from this world without learning of her pregnancy† (Ariyoshi 149). 1. Otsugi as the antagonist is a main character in the novel, and even though she and Kae’s relationship is basically the main focus of the novel her death is mentioned an unaffected or nonchalant way as though her death plays no importance to the rest of the novel. B. â€Å"I was not yet twenty when I lost both of my parents. I think that my wife once mentioned to you that they died of the same disease. Also, if I remember correctly, she told you, much to your surprise, that they died almost at the same time† (Soseki 129) 1. Even though Sensei’s parents are very minor characters alone their death is the beginning of the downward spiral that Sensei’s life follows. Sensei is speaking of his parents, the people who raised him and the unaffected tone the author uses when bring up their death brings Sensei’s misanthropic nature full circle. He is so close to his death that bringing up loved ones has no effect on the tone. C. In both novels deaths that cause major shifts in the plot of the story are undertaken with distant and unaffected tones that mislead the reader into thinking that their deaths are unimportant. When in reality the deaths that are mentioned in such an unimportant manner are very important in developing the novel. III. Through the motif of death characters become unified. A. â€Å"â€Å"No one can share the suffering of a mother who must out live her own child except another mother who has had the same misfortune,† she cried, her tears rolling freely over Otsugi’s shoulder† (Ariyoshi 141). . Kae and Otsugi’s imperfect mother-in-law and daughter-in-law relationship is the catalyst for The Doctor’s Wife and throughout Kae’s life in the home they have been quietly feuding for Seishu’s attention, but through the common bond of them each losing a child they take comfort in their common bond in an attempt to fill the empty space their loss has left behind. B. â€Å"â€Å"It’s just his mood,† she once said. â€Å"He is just depressed. † She seemed to think that my father was depressed because of the Emperor’s illness. I could not agree with her†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å" When the newspaper announcing the Emperor’s Death arrived, my father said: â€Å"Oh! Oh! † And then â€Å"Oh. His Majesty is gone at last. I too†¦Ã¢â‚¬  My father fell silent† (Soseki 91). 1. The student’s father was most likely born into the Meiji era and most likely with the similarities between his own sickness and the Emperor’s he has built a bond in his mind, through with their fates appear parallel. This bond is apparent to even the student’s mother who believes that her husband is depressed because of the Emperor. Due to this bond the father has created in his mind he feels that when the Emperor died that it is he who should be next and he comes close to expressing that, when he falls silent to how tender the subject of his own death is to his family. C. Through the illusion of death the characters who otherwise would not share a bond due to their specific relationships, or lack thereof, are linked through death. IV. In light of joyous occasions the motif of death if used to â€Å"ground† the reader to the story A. â€Å"Seishu’s sister had her throat choked by the hematoma and died quietly, without a voice, one month before his glorious triumph. She was forty-two and remained lucid until the end† (167 Ariyoshi). 1. Seishu finally has come within arm’s reach of his goal, this should be a happy and joyous moment, but Seishu’s sister is choked to death her illness. This event creates a drastic change in the mood when one thinks of how Seishu is so close to curing the other woman of her cancer, but his own kin he is helpless and can do nothing but watch her wither away and die. B. â€Å" But that night, K killed himself. Even now, I cannot recall the scene without horror. I do not know what strange forces were at work that night†¦. † (Soseki 228). . Sensei is engaged to be married to Ojusan and even though this a bit of a sore subject due to K, he is finally going to confront K about it which should lift the mood with the fact that Sensei is going to take responsibility for his actions, but before Sensei can talk to him K kills himself that night, destroying all hope of them fixing their problems. C. Joyous occasion created in the story are quickly dashed by the somber mood associated with the death of a character. This shows how the authir seems determined to carry the somber mood throughout the book even during the joyous moments. V. Through the recurring motif of death the author creates a somber mood A. The in The Doctor’s Wife is to contrast the climax or resolution of the book where Seishu performs the first successful breast cancer surgery. Through the motif of death the author creates a conflict as clear as night and day to amplify the resolution. 1. The reader is kept on a constant roller coaster with the deaths throughout the book and the distant tone the author uses throught the third person point of view that is used. The distant tone makes the story seem more like the work of fiction it is and down plays the historical aspect of the book. B. The purpose of Kokoro to tell of a tragic fictional story of a misanthropic natured man. Using the first person 1. The reader of the book often feel that they can relate to both the character of the student and of Sensei. The student is young and naive he often only thinks inwardly, he feel doesn’t realize his negate attitude that he has with his father until it is too late. The author can also relate to the character of Sensei because Sensei is a loner character which is emphasized in the first person point of view.

HEALTH AND WORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HEALTH AND WORK - Essay Example Cox: 1996) In light of the preceding nuances on racism institutional racism can be thus perceived as a way in which particular racial groups are denied rights or benefits or on the other extreme, get preferential treatment. "Institutional racism (or structural racism or systemic racism) refers to a form of racism which occurs specifically in institutions such as public bodies, corporations, and universities." (Institutional racism: Wikipedia 2008) According to the source cited above the term was coined by Black Nationalist, pan-Africanist and honorary prime minister of the Black Panther Party, Stokely Carmichael. In the late 1960s, Carmichael defined the term as "the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin". There is resonating concurrence in various theories and perspectives on institutional racism that this form is an elaborate form of racism that purports to circumvent the acute nature, application and effects of orthodox racism. Some Examples drawn from American history illustrate the dynamics of institutional racism. In 1935, the U.S. Congress promulgated the Social Security Act. The act was guaranteeing an income for millions of workers after retirement.

Reconstructing gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Reconstructing gender - Essay Example The concept of sexual schizophrenia has neutralized the demeaning male attitude towards women due to the female gender’s engagement in sports. Women are currently not viewed as objects of sexuality since they have gripped a stable position in the modern society by playing equal roles as their male counterparts. As a result, women are not only viewed as cheerleaders in sports but actual players in every sporting competition (Disch, 2008). Women tend to have different reactions towards the alleged male attitude towards sexuality. Most women in the youth age consider the male attitude towards them as an appraisal while those in the mature age find it diminishing. As a woman, Sabo’s description of male sexuality is true since women are viewed as stereotypes of the physical concept of sexuality. Pornography is the overt presentation of sexual acts in films as well as printed material. Robert Jensen provides his life experience with pornography which explains how the porn industry reinforces and upholds the patriarchy. According to Jensen, women exist to provide their male counterparts with sexual excitement. This portrays that women are only used as sexual objects to promote arousing feeling in pornographic materials (Disch, 2008). Robert Jensen argues that in most pornographic films upholds and reinforces the Patriarchy by the introduction of anal sex. In his argument, he explains the concept behind this act being men’s, revenge to women’s bitchy characters. This shows that the female role is overpowered by the male position in the society thus portraying patriarchy. The introduction of multiple sexual partners also displays a sense of patriarchy as in most pornographic films; a man is given more than one woman to relate with sexually. This encourages polygamy in which is based on the male dominance according to the African society. Patriarchy promotes gender imbalance in the current

Development of Water Treatment Plant

Development of Water Treatment Plant ASSIGNMENT Access to safe drinking-water is essential to health, a basic human right and a component of effective policy for health protection. The nature and form of drinking-water standards may vary among countries and regions. There is no single approach that is universally applicable. A number of governmental and non-governmental agencies provide guidance on safeguarding the quality of public water supplies. The documents according to which the treatment plant for disaster struck region is established are:- GUIDELINES FOR DRINKING WATER QUALITY by WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION in GENEVA08 GUIDANCE FOR SAFEGUARDING THE QUALITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES by DRINKING WATER INSPECTORATE, U.K. SPHERE MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR HUMANITARIAN RELIEF Here we present a brief description of what role these have in providing safe water to the public. WHO Guidelines for drinking water: Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality explains requirements to ensure drinking-water safety, including minimum procedures and specific guideline values, and how those requirements are intended to be used. The Guidelines describe reasonable minimum requirements of safe practice to protect the health of consumers and/or derive numerical guideline values for constituents of water or indicators of water quality. WHO analyzes the water quality on the following aspects:- 1. Microbial aspect: Securing the microbial safety of drinking-water supplies is based on the use of multiple barriers, from catchment to consumer, to prevent the contamination of drinking-water or to reduce contamination to levels not injurious to health. Faecally derived pathogens are the principal concerns in setting health-based targets for microbial safety. In addition to faecally borne pathogens, other microbial hazards (e.g., guinea worm [Dracunculus medinensis], toxic cyanobacteria and Legionella) may be of public health importance under specific circumstances. The parameters most commonly measured to assess microbial safety are as follows: E. coli: zero E. coli per 100 ml of water Residual chlorine: in the range of 0.2-1 mg/litre. 2. Chemical aspect: A number of chemical contaminants have been shown to cause adverse health effects in humans as a consequence of prolonged exposure through drinking-water. The prescribed concentration of certain chemicals in purified water is as under: 3. Radiological aspects :-The health risk associated with the presence of naturally occurring radionuclides in drinking-water should also be taken into consideration, although the contribution of drinking-water to total exposure to radionuclides is very small under normal circumstances. Formal guideline values are not set for individual radionuclides in drinking-water. 4. Acceptability aspects :- Water should be free of tastes and odours that would be objectionable to the majority of consumers. Changes in the normal appearance, odour or taste of a drinking-water supply may signal changes in the quality of the raw water source or deficiencies in the treatment process and should be investigated. Regulations according to Drinking Water Inspectorate, UK: The water quality regulations set legal standards for water, which must be met by water companies in England and . Many of the standards are based on World Health Organization guidelines and include very wide safety margins. The regulations and standards are on the DWI web site at www.dwi.gov.uk. As the guardians of drinking water quality, the main role of the Drinking Water Inspectorate is to enforce the regulations and check that water companies in England supply water that is safe to drink and meets the standards set in the regulations. Sphere Minimum Standards For: The Sphere Project was launched in 1997 by a group of humanitarian NGOs and the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement. The main objective of water supply and sanitation programmes in disasters is to reduce the transmission of faeco-oral diseases and exposure to disease-bearing vectors through the promotion of good hygiene practices, the provision of safe drinking water and the reduction of environmental health risks and by establishing the conditions that allow people to live with good health, dignity, comfort and security. Key indicators:- There are no faecal coliforms per 100ml at the point of delivery. Water is treated with a disinfectant so that there is a free chlorine residual at the tap of 0.5mg per litre and turbidity is below 5 NTU Average water use for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene in any household is at least 15 litres per person per day The maximum distance from any household to the nearest water point is 500 metres Till now we have discussed the parameters and respective standards prescribed by various organizations for drinking water quality. We now turn to our problem OBJECTIVE: To construct a water treatment plant for a disaster struck area in the Far east for a population of about 1500 internally displaced people that agrees with the provisions of WHO guidelines, U.K. Regulations and Sphere minimum standards and to discuss the likely microbial challenges that the plant might face and their potential impact on water quality. Details of the water source: The only available water source is a limestone spring fed pond whose chemical analysis report is as under:- All the other parameters are believed to be in accordance with the U.K. regulations The desired plant supplies water to 1500 people and according to the Sphere Minimum Standards, an individuals daily need of water is approximately 15 litres. This means that the capacity of the plant must be about 22500 litres per day (22.5 kilolitres/day) Our prime objective in designing the treatment plant is to: Level the pH to about 6.5-7.5 Bring the concentration of aluminium to below 0.2mg/l Benzene level below 0.01 mg/l Faecal coliform count to about zero per 100ml All the above parameters are as per the WHO norms, UK regulations and Sphere standards. The rest of the parameters are in accordance with the UK Regulations and hence need not be treated. Next we design a Water Treatment plant as per the prescribed guidelines with a capacity of 25 kilolitres per day. LAYOUT OF THE TREATMENT PLANT We now present an elaborate overview of the plant and the methods incorporated in it Stage 1 Water leaves the limestone spring fed pond and is pumped into the two raw water reservoirs each of capacity 25kilolitres. The purpose of having two reservoirs is that when one needs to be cleaned the plant can still operate continuously. Stage 2 Pre-chlorination is done at this stage in the two raw water reservoirs. It is done by using a dosing pump that supplies sodium hypochlorite. As a result disinfection begins. Stage 3 Water from the raw water reservoir enters the Flash Mixer where a coagulant Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) is added to bind any small particles. Sodium carbonate is also added to control the pH and also to remove the hardness caused by limestone. The dosed water is now retained for a short period to enable the binding process to start before the water passes to the Clarification Stage. Stage 4 The water dosed with coagulant is discharged into the bottom of the clarifier and as the water flows upwards so the particles bound together by the PAC form a sludge blanket just below the surface of the water. The sludge blanket traps more particles as the water flows through it to the outlet channels which span the clarifier at the water surface. From time to time some of the sludge blanket is drawn off and discharged to the sludge processing plant. Stage 5 The clarified supernatant water is then sent to therapid gravity filters, containing a gravel base and a bed of granular activated carbon which removes any remaining fine particles. The granular activated carbon is also extremely useful in removing organic compounds such as benzene which can cause taste problems in the supply. Stage 6 To provide an effective barrier againstfaecal coliforms, the filtered water is then passed through amembrane filtration system. It also retains the flocculants of aluminium hydroxide that are formed due to excess concentration (concentration greater than 2mg/litre) of aluminium in water. In this microfiltration plant the water is allowed to pass through six different compartments each containing a mesh (or screen) of pore size 0.2 microns (1 micron = one thousandth of a millimeter), readily available in the market. Feed water passes through the walls of this membrane producing a filtrate free of faecal coliform and other suspended solids. Stage 7 Following filtration the filtered water is further dosed with chlorine to ensure adequate disinfection. It remains in contact with a high dose of chlorine for a minimum of six hours in a covered contact tank. Chlorine disinfects the water by killing bacteria and viruses. Stage 8 After leaving the contact tank, the final water is dosed with Sulphur Dioxide to reduce the chlorine residual to its set point before being sent for distribution. This way we obtain clean and safe water for supply to the customers. A major problem we encountered in the limestone spring fed pond was the grazing of farm animals particularly goats that led to microbial contamination of the pond. Grazing animals can negatively affect water quality through erosion and sediment transport into surface waters, through nutrients from urine and feces dropped by the animals. The two nutrients of primary concern relating to animal production are N and P. Nitrogen is of concern because high concentrations in drinking water in the NO3 form cause methemoglobinemia (blue baby disease), whereas other forms of N (primarily nitrite, NO2) are considered to be potentially carcinogenic. Phosphorus in the PO4 form is of concern because it causes eutrophication of surface water bodies. The next major problem is of the migratory aquatic birds that arrive during a three week period in November. During migratory movements, birds carry pathogens that can be transmitted between species at breeding, wintering, and stopover places where numerous birds of various species are concentrated. During these yearly migrations, birds have the potential of dispersing microorganisms that can be dangerous for public as well as animal health. Birds are believed to be responsible for the wide geographic distribution of various pathogens, including viruses (e.g., West Nile, Sindbis, influenza A, Newcastle), bacteria (e.g., borrelia, mycobacteria, salmonellae), and protozoa (e.g., cryptosporidia). Bacteria, viruses, and protozoa when ingested in drinking water can cause a number of infectious waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, and infectious gastrointestinal diseases like cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis. Treatment Some microbial contaminants can be removed by water treatment coagulation and filtration processes. Disinfection has been proven effective against bacteria and viruses, and the method of Membrane Filtration is sufficient to remove the Cryptosporidium. A very essential condition of an effective treatment plant is to establish a well developed watershed or a wellhead protection program. Controlling or eliminating microbial sources before they contaminate a water supply will go a long way toward simplifying treatment and reducing costs associated with a contaminated supply. This is the proposed plant for the treatment of water which the community can operate and which provides a healthy and safe drinking water. Apart from this the people should be aware enough to utilize optimum amount of water and the people should consider it as their moral responsibility to prevent contamination of water by their activities.

Decision Analysis Essay

Finally, some typical problem classes are examined and some requirements for prototypical structures are discussed. An introduction to problem structuring Decision analysis can be divided into four steps: structuring the problem; formulating inference and preference models; eliciting probabilities and utilities; and exploring the numerical model results. Prac* This research was supported by a grant from the Department of Defense and was monitored by the Engineering Psychology Programs of the Office of Naval Research, under contract While writing this paper, the author discussed the problem of structuring extensively with Helmut Jungermann. The present version owes much to his thought. Please don’t take footnote 3 too seriously. It is part of a footnote war between Ralph Keeney and me. ** Presently with the Social Science Research Institute, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90007, (213) 741-6955. 12 D. von Winterfeldt /Structuring decision problems titioners of decision analysis generally agree that structuring is the most important and difficult step of the analysis. Yet, until recently, decision analytic research has all but ignored structuring, concentrating instead on questions of modeling and elicitation. As a result, structuring was, and to some extent still is, considered the ‘art’ part of decision analysis. This paper examines some attempts to turn this art into a science. Trees are the most common decision analytic structures. Decision trees, for example, represent the sequential aspects of a decision problem (see Raiffa 1968; Brown et al. 1974). Other examples are goal trees for the representations of values (Keeney and Raiffa 1976) and event trees for the representation f inferential problem aspects (Kelly and Barclay 1973). In fact, trees so much dominate decision analytic structures that structuring is often considered synonymous to building a tree.

Rite of Passage

â€Å"Every human being on this earth is born with a tragedy, and it isn't original sin. He's born with the tragedy that he has to grow up. That he has to leave the nest, the security, and go out to do battle. He has to lose everything that is lovely and fight for a new loveliness of his own making, and it's a tragedy. A lot of people don't have the capacity to do it. † A coming of age is a young person's transition from childhood to adulthood. In most modern societies this transition takes place on an adolescence’s 18th birthday.The celebrations of these transitions vary from culture to culture as well as religious beliefs and hence affect our opinions, views, beliefs and attitudes towards rites of passage and the foreign processes incorporated into rituals and initiations. My name is Kali Collado and I welcome you to â€Å"All the World’s a Stage Festival† where I will share with you why 18th birthdays mean different things to different people. In modern -day Australia most 18th birthday celebrations consist of large-scale consumption of booze, clubbing, strippers and drug-induced parties.When an adolescent turns 18 society recognises them as adults and are therefore given more responsibilities, choice-flexibility, benefits and independence from their parents. Turning 18 here in Australia doesn’t require us to undergo physically and mentally perilous initiations or rituals. In fact these benefits, freedom and responsibilities are handed to us on a silver platter. Unlike Vanuatuan culture, villages build wooden towers reaching heights of 100 feet or more, where boys as young as five are to jump off a certain platform with vine ropes tied to each ankle.Summoning all the courage they have, they dive from the platform headfirst. The goal of the jump is to land close enough to the ground that contact between the divers shoulders and the ground is made. These dives are two-fold; in that it’s performed as sacrifice for their gods to ensure bountiful yam crop or to initiate the tribe boys into manhood preceded by circumcision. The higher a man goes along the platform, the manlier he’s considered amongst the tribe. Vanuatuans believe this ritual necessary because it ensures bountiful crops whereas in Australia food is readily accessible in supermarket isles.This rite of passage isn’t just about initiating tribesmen anymore but for what they believe is the survival of the tribe. As the quote goes â€Å"Initiations aren’t just for mental wellbeing but for the survival of the tribe† Another example of a religious initiation is from South East Asia. There, adolescence’s are initiated into adulthood to become a novice monk or nun by dressing as Princes or Princesses after their Prince Gautama. They take three Jewels and have their heads shaved and then change into saffron robes.They stay with the monks from a night to a few years to practice meditation and prayer, marking a t ime of purity and innocence as well as awareness of the sins in the world. Although this ritual is far from the perilous Vanuatuan initiation it still differs from the rituals of 18thbirthday celebrations in Australia; in that religion implements preservation of innocence, chastity and prayer. 18th birthdays does not signify booze, drugs or partying in these cultures but rather maturity and acceptance of their new roles into their society or tribe.It’s not about leaving the nest and its security to go out and explore the world by themselves. It’s not about swimming into the world of uncalled maturity for the benefit of their culture. It is difficult to judge whether these cultures are right in the way initiations should be incorporated because it’s specific to their beliefs, their culture and their religion. Their culture â€Å"Every human being on this earth is born with a tragedy, and it isn't original sin. He's born with the tragedy that he has to grow up.Th at he has to leave the nest, the security, and go out to do battle. He has to lose everything that is lovely and fight for a new loveliness of his own making, and it's a tragedy. A lot of people don't have the courage to do it. † â€Å"Critics who treat ‘adult' as a term of approval, instead of as a merely descriptive term, cannot be adult themselves. To be concerned about being grown up, to admire the grown up because it is grown up, to blush at the suspicion of being childish; these things are the marks of childhood and adolescence.And in childhood and adolescence they are, in moderation, healthy symptoms. Young things ought to want to grow. But to carry on into middle life or even into early manhood this concern about being adult is a mark of really arrested development. When I was ten, I read fairy tales in secret and would have been ashamed if I had been found doing so. Now that I am fifty I read them openly. When I became a man I put away childish things, includin g the fear of childishness and the desire to be very grown up. † ? C. S. Lewis

Essay on A Worn Path and The Jilting of Granny Weatherall

In the short stories A Worn Path by Eudora Welty and The Jilting of Granny Weatherall by Katherine Anne Porter, both women overcame several obstacles. In A Worn Path, Phoenix Jackson faced obstacles such as her age, physical challenges, and how others viewed her. Granny faced obstacles such as dying, feeling betrayed by her children, and disappointment in her love life. In A Worn Path by Eudora Welty an elderly African American woman named Phoenix Jackson picks a cold December day to make yet another perilous journey to a near by city to get medicine for her ailing grandson. On the way this old woman faces many obstacles, both natural and man-made. Phoenix draws upon her perseverance and willingness to sacrifice herself to help her†¦show more content†¦At one point when she is climbing up a hill, she states that it seems like â€Å"there is chains about my feet, time I get this far.† And yet she still trudges onward, stopping only once for a short break. On the way down the hill she gets caught in a bush, its thorns tearing at her finest dress. â€Å"I in a thorny bush,† she exclaims. But she doesn’t give up; she stands there untangling herself from the bush, â€Å"her fingers busy and intent.† After she has overcome this obstacle she faces yet another trial. Across Phoenix’s path lies a creek and across t he creek lies a log, which substitutes as a bridge. It is hard enough for Phoenix to walk on flat and stable ground, so walking across the log is a dangerous challenge for her. Even though there is a large threat of her falling and badly hurting herself, â€Å"she mounted the log and shut her eyes† and crosses to the other side. Next she comes across a barbwire fence, and once again without showing any signs of fear she fords ahead crossing that too. Phoenix travels a good portion of the day facing many physical challenges that test her stamina, but the real trials are the physiological ones that she faces as she encounters people along her journey. Last but not least, Phoenix overcame obstacles involving the people she encountered. The first person that she meets is a hunter. In the beginning he seems like a benevolent character because â€Å"he lifted herShow MoreRelatedEssay The Jilting Of Granny Weatherall and A Worn Path492 Words   |  2 PagesThe short stories, â€Å"The Jilting of Granny Weatherall† by Catherine Anne Porter and â€Å"A Worn Path† by Eudora Welty, have many similarities as well as differences. Both stories have a simple plot with a theme that is symbolic of their lives. These stories include great characterization, description of elements in the stories, and the point of view. Granny Weatherall is characterized as a very old lady who is extremely stubborn and bedridden. Granny Weatherall is a sickly old lady in denial. She believesRead More Comparing Death in The Jilting of Granny Weatherall and A Worn Path599 Words   |  3 PagesComparing Death in The Jilting of Granny Weatherall and A Worn Path Death is not something to be feared, but faced with awe. Although, by nature, aging and death are merely facts of life; a loss of hope, the frustration of all aspirations, a leap into a great darkness, and the feelings of fear and anguish. Phoneix Jackson of Eudora Weltys A Worn Path and Granny of Katherine Anne Porters The Jilting of Granny Weatherall face these inevitable signs of aging and death. Phoenix Jackson, anRead MoreA Worn Path: Obstacles2213 Words   |  9 PagesIn the short stories A Worn Path by Eudora Welty and The Jilting of Granny Weatherall by Katherine Anne Porter, both women overcame several obstacles. In A Worn Path Phoenix Jackson faced obstacles such as her old age, physical challenges, and how others viewed her. Granny faced obstacles such as dying, feeling betrayed from her children, and disappointment in her love life. In A Worn Path by Eudora Welty an elderly African American woman named Phoenix Jackson picks a cold December day